Kale Mayur B, Wankhede Nitu L, Goyanka Barkha K, Gupta Reena, Bishoyi Ashok Kumar, Nathiya Deepak, Kaur Parjinder, Shanno Kumari, Taksande Brijesh G, Khalid Mohammad, Upaganlawar Aman B, Umekar Milind J, Gulati Monica, Sachdeva Monika, Behl Tapan, Gasmi Amin
Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 441002, India.
Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Reprod Sci. 2025 Jan;32(1):26-40. doi: 10.1007/s43032-024-01740-3. Epub 2024 Nov 19.
The menstrual cycle is an intricate biological process governed by hormonal changes that affect different facets of a woman's reproductive system. This review provides an overview of neurotransmitter alterations during different menstrual cycle phases and their effects on physiology and psychology. During the follicular phase, rising estrogen levels increase serotonin synthesis, enhancing mood, cognition, and pain tolerance. Estrogen may also influence dopamine levels, promoting motivation and reward sensitivity. GABA, involved in anxiety regulation, may be modulated by estrogen, inducing relaxation. Ovulation involves fluctuating dopamine and serotonin levels, potentially affecting motivation and positive mood. In the luteal phase, rising estrogen and progesterone may reduce serotonin availability, contributing to mood dysregulation, while enhanced GABAergic neurotransmission promotes sedation. Menstruation is characterized by declining estrogen and progesterone, potentially leading to mood disturbances, fluctuating GABAergic and dopaminergic neurotransmitter systems, relaxation, fatigue, motivation, and pleasure variations. Understanding neurotransmitter alterations during the menstrual cycle unveils the neurobiological mechanisms behind menstrual-related symptoms and disorders, facilitating targeted interventions. Pharmacological approaches targeting neurotransmitter systems, nutritional interventions, and lifestyle modifications show promise in managing menstrual symptoms. Future research should focus on further understanding neurotransmitter dynamics, personalized medicine, unexplored neurotransmitter roles, and integrating psychosocial factors. This knowledge will enhance well-being and quality of life for individuals experiencing menstrual-related challenges.
月经周期是一个复杂的生物过程，受激素变化的调控，这些激素变化会影响女性生殖系统的不同方面。本综述概述了月经周期不同阶段神经递质的变化及其对生理和心理的影响。在卵泡期，雌激素水平上升会增加血清素的合成，改善情绪、认知和疼痛耐受性。雌激素还可能影响多巴胺水平，增强动机和奖励敏感性。参与焦虑调节的γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）可能会受到雌激素的调节，从而诱导放松。排卵涉及多巴胺和血清素水平的波动，可能会影响动机和积极情绪。在黄体期，雌激素和孕激素水平上升可能会减少血清素的可用性，导致情绪失调，而增强的GABA能神经传递会促进镇静。月经的特点是雌激素和孕激素水平下降，可能导致情绪障碍、GABA能和多巴胺能神经递质系统波动、放松、疲劳、动机和愉悦感变化。了解月经周期中的神经递质变化揭示了月经相关症状和疾病背后的神经生物学机制，有助于进行有针对性的干预。针对神经递质系统的药理学方法、营养干预和生活方式改变在管理月经症状方面显示出前景。未来的研究应集中在进一步了解神经递质动态、个性化医疗、未探索的神经递质作用以及整合心理社会因素。这些知识将提高面临月经相关挑战的个体的幸福感和生活质量。
