Garcia-Marlès Meritxell, Lara Rosa, Reche Cristina, Pérez Noemí, Tobías Aurelio, Savadkoohi Marjan, Beddows David, Salma Imre, Vörösmarty Máté, Weidinger Tamás, Hueglin Christoph, Mihalopoulos Nikos, Grivas Georgios, Kalkavouras Panayiotis, Ondracek Jakub, Zikova Nadezda, Niemi Jarkko V, Manninen Hanna E, Green David C, Tremper Anja H, Norman Michael, Vratolis Stergios, Diapouli Evangelia, Eleftheriadis Konstantinos, Gómez-Moreno Francisco J, Alonso-Blanco Elisabeth, Wiedensohler Alfred, Weinhold Kay, Merkel Maik, Bastian Susanne, Hoffmann Barbara, Altug Hicran, Petit Jean-Eudes, Acharja Prodip, Favez Olivier, Santos Sebastiao Martins Dos, Putaud Jean-Philippe, Dinoi Adelaide, Contini Daniele, Casans Andrea, Casquero-Vera Juan Andrés, Crumeyrolle Suzanne, Bourrianne Eric, Poppel Martine Van, Dreesen Freja E, Harni Sami, Timonen Hilkka, Lampilahti Janne, Petäjä Tuukka, Pandolfi Marco, Hopke Philip K, Harrison Roy M, Alastuey Andrés, Querol Xavier
Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Applied Physics-Meteorology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.
Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
Environ Int. 2024 Dec;194:109149. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.109149. Epub 2024 Nov 15.
There is a body of evidence that ultrafine particles (UFP, those with diameters ≤ 100 nm) might have significant impacts on health. Accordingly, identifying sources of UFP is essential to develop abatement policies. This study focuses on urban Europe, and aims at identifying sources and quantifying their contributions to particle number size distribution (PNSD) using receptor modelling (Positive Matrix Factorization, PMF), and evaluating long-term trends of these source contributions using the non-parametric Theil-Sen's method. Datasets evaluated include 14 urban background (UB), 5 traffic (TR), 4 suburban background (SUB), and 1 regional background (RB) sites, covering 18 European and 1 USA cities, over the period, when available, from 2009 to 2019. Ten factors were identified (4 road traffic factors, photonucleation, urban background, domestic heating, 2 regional factors and long-distance transport), with road traffic being the primary contributor at all UB and TR sites (56-95 %), and photonucleation being also significant in many cities. The trends analyses showed a notable decrease in traffic-related UFP ambient concentrations, with statistically significant decreasing trends for the total traffic-related factors of -5.40 and -2.15 % yr for the TR and UB sites, respectively. This abatement is most probably due to the implementation of European emissions standards, particularly after the introduction of diesel particle filters (DPFs) in 2011. However, DPFs do not retain nucleated particles generated during the dilution of diesel exhaust semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). Trends in photonucleation were more diverse, influenced by a reduction in the condensation sink potential facilitating new particle formation (NPF) or by a decrease in the emissions of UFP precursors. The decrease of primary PM emissions and precursors of UFP also contributed to the reduction of urban and regional background sources.
有大量证据表明，超细颗粒物（UFP，直径≤100纳米的颗粒物）可能对健康产生重大影响。因此，确定超细颗粒物的来源对于制定减排政策至关重要。本研究聚焦于欧洲城市，旨在通过受体模型（正定矩阵因子分解法，PMF）确定来源并量化其对颗粒物数量粒径分布（PNSD）的贡献，并使用非参数泰尔-森方法评估这些来源贡献的长期趋势。评估的数据集包括14个城市背景（UB）、5个交通（TR）、4个郊区背景（SUB）和1个区域背景（RB）站点，覆盖18个欧洲城市和1个美国城市，数据可得期间为2009年至2019年。确定了10个因素（4个道路交通因素、光致核化、城市背景、家庭供暖、2个区域因素和长途传输），道路交通是所有UB和TR站点的主要贡献源（56%-95%），光致核化在许多城市也很显著。趋势分析表明，与交通相关的超细颗粒物环境浓度显著下降，TR和UB站点与交通相关的总因素的统计显著下降趋势分别为每年-5.40%和-2.15%。这种减排很可能是由于欧洲排放标准的实施，特别是在2011年引入柴油颗粒过滤器（DPF）之后。然而，DPF无法保留柴油废气半挥发性有机化合物（SVOCs）稀释过程中产生的核化颗粒。光致核化的趋势更为多样，受促进新粒子形成（NPF）的凝结汇势降低或超细颗粒物前体排放减少的影响。一次颗粒物排放和超细颗粒物前体的减少也有助于城市和区域背景源的减少。
