Lignin is an aromatic biopolymer found in plant cell walls and is the most abundant source of renewable aromatic carbon in the biosphere. Hence there is considerable interest in the conversion of lignin, either derived from agricultural waste or produced as a byproduct of pulp/paper manufacture, into high-value chemicals. Although lignin is rather inert, due to the presence of ether C-O and C-C linkages, several microbes are able to degrade lignin. This review will introduce these microbes and the enzymes that they use to degrade lignin and will describe recent studies on metabolic engineering that can generate high-value chemicals from lignin bioconversion. Catabolic pathways for degradation of lignin fragments will be introduced, and case studies where these pathways have been engineered by gene knockout/insertion to generate bioproducts that are of interest as monomers for bioplastic synthesis or aroma chemicals will be described. Life cycle analysis of lignin bioconversion processes is discussed.