Feasibility study of modularized pin ridge filter implementation in proton FLASH planning for liver stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy.

We previously developed a FLASH planning framework for streamlined pin-ridge-filter (pin-RF) design, demonstrating its feasibility for single-energy proton FLASH planning. In this study, we refined the pin-RF design for easy assembly using reusable modules, focusing on its application in liver stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR).This framework generates an intermediate intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) plan and translates it into step widths and thicknesses of pin-RFs for a single-energy FLASH plan. Parameters like energy spacing, monitor unit limit, and spot quantity were adjusted during IMPT planning, resulting in pin-RFs assembled using predefined modules with widths from 1 to 6 mm, each with a water-equivalent-thickness of 5 mm. This approach was validated on three liver SABR cases. FLASH doses, quantified using the FLASH effectiveness model at 1-5 Gy thresholds, were compared to conventional IMPT (IMPT-CONV) doses to assess clinical benefits.The highest demand for 6 mm width modules, moderate for 2-4 mm, and minimal for 1- and 5-mm modules were shown across all cases. At lower dose thresholds, the two-beam case reduced indicators including liverand skinby >19.4%, while the three-beam cases showed reductions⩽11.4%, indicating the need for higher fractional beam doses for an enhanced FLASH effect. Positive clinical benefits were seen only in the two-beam case at the 5 Gy threshold. At the 1 Gy threshold, the two-beam FLASH plan outperformed the IMPT-CONV plan, reducing dose indicators for all relevant normal tissues by up to 31.2%. In contrast, the three-beam cases showed negative clinical benefits, with skinand liverincreasing by up to 17.4% due to lower fractional beam doses and closer beam arrangements.This study evaluated the feasibility of modularizing streamlined pin-RFs in single-energy proton FLASH planning for liver SABR, offering guidance on optimal module composition and strategies to enhance FLASH planning.