Hansen Marie-Louise, Larsen Inge, Jensen Tina Birk, Kristensen Charlotte Sonne, Pedersen Ken Steen
Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
Danish Pig Research Centre, SEGES, Agro Food Park 15, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark.
Porcine Health Manag. 2024 Nov 22;10(1):54. doi: 10.1186/s40813-024-00401-w.
Umbilical outpouchings (UO) are common in Danish weaners. In slaughter pigs UOs consist of various pathological diagnoses; however, no studies have assessed the pathology in weaners from randomly selected herds, nor the agreement between clinical examination findings and post-mortem results. The primary objective was to estimate the prevalence of UO-related clinical findings in weaners before euthanasia and the pathologic macroscopic findings after euthanasia. A secondary objective was to assess the agreement between the size of the UO, the presence of ulcers, and the diagnosis before and after euthanasia. Pigs were selected for euthanasia and included in the study because the individual farmer believed the pigs were already unfit for transport, would not make it to slaughter, or would become unsellable.
In total 214 weaners euthanized due to UOs were examined both clinically and post-mortem. Clinically 65.4% of the UOs were large (≥ 11 cm) and 52.3% were unreducible. In the autopsy 78.5% of the UOs were large, and 54.2% had ulcers on their UO. The most prevalent pathological diagnoses were hernia (36.4%), hernia combined with cysts/abscesses (30.8%), cysts (11.7%), and abscesses (11.2%). Adhesions were found in 32.7%, haemorrhage in 22.7%, incarcerated intestines in 8.9%, and connective tissue related to the UO in 51.9% of the pigs post-mortem. The agreement between the size of the UO in the clinical examination and post-mortem was good, as was the sensitivity and specificity for detecting ulcers in the clinical examination compared to post-mortem.
Hernias were the most common pathological diagnosis in weaners euthanized due to UOs, and many pigs had complications related to their UO such as ulcers, adhesions, haemorrhage, or incarcerated intestines-all conditions that could impact the pig's welfare. The presence of connective tissue in the UO in more than half of the pigs indicated that many of the UOs had been present for an extended period. Clinical identification of the umbilical ring is difficult, but the clinical examination is useful for determining the size of the UO and the presence or absence of an ulcer, both critical factors when assessing a pig's welfare and fitness for transport. Clinical examination, however, has limited value in determining the aetiology of UOs.
脐部膨出（UO）在丹麦断奶仔猪中很常见。在屠宰猪中，脐部膨出包含各种病理诊断结果；然而，尚无研究评估随机选择猪群中断奶仔猪的病理学情况，也没有研究评估临床检查结果与尸检结果之间的一致性。主要目的是估计断奶仔猪在安乐死之前与脐部膨出相关的临床发现以及安乐死之后的病理宏观发现的患病率。次要目的是评估脐部膨出的大小、溃疡的存在与否以及安乐死前后诊断之间的一致性。选择进行安乐死的猪纳入研究，原因是个体养殖户认为这些猪已不适于运输、无法活到屠宰阶段或会变得无法出售。
总共对214只因脐部膨出而实施安乐死的断奶仔猪进行了临床和尸检检查。临床上，65.4%的脐部膨出较大（≥11厘米），52.3%无法回纳。尸检时，78.5%的脐部膨出较大，54.2%的脐部膨出有溃疡。最常见的病理诊断是疝（36.4%）、疝合并囊肿/脓肿（30.8%）、囊肿（11.7%）和脓肿（11.2%）。尸检发现32.7%的猪有粘连、22.7%有出血、8.9%有肠管嵌顿、51.9%的猪有与脐部膨出相关的结缔组织。临床检查和尸检时脐部膨出大小之间的一致性良好，临床检查中检测溃疡相对于尸检的敏感性和特异性也良好。
疝是因脐部膨出而实施安乐死的断奶仔猪中最常见的病理诊断，许多猪存在与脐部膨出相关的并发症，如溃疡、粘连、出血或肠管嵌顿——所有这些情况都会影响猪的福利。超过半数的猪脐部膨出存在结缔组织，这表明许多脐部膨出已经存在很长时间了。临床上很难识别脐环，但临床检查对于确定脐部膨出的大小以及溃疡的有无很有用，这两个因素在评估猪的福利和运输适宜性时都是关键因素。然而，临床检查在确定脐部膨出的病因方面价值有限。
