Nübler Stefanie, Burkhardt Therese, Schäfer Moritz, Müller Johannes, Haji-Abbas-Zarrabi Karin, Pluym Nikola, Scherer Max, Scherer Gerhard, Esteban-López Marta, Castaño Argelia, Mol Hans G J, Koch Holger M, Antignac Jean-Philippe, Hajslova Jana, Vorkamp Katrin, Göen Thomas
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, Henkestraße 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
ABF Analytisch-Biologisches Labor, ABF GmbH, Semmelweisstr. 5, 82152 Planegg, Germany.
Anal Methods. 2024 Dec 19;17(1):193-201. doi: 10.1039/d4ay01309c.
Exposure to aromatic amines may occur tobacco smoke, hair dyes or tattoo inks, but also in the workplace during certain manufacturing processes. As some aromatic amines are known or suspected carcinogens, human biomonitoring (HBM) is essential to assess their exposure. Aromatic amines were among the selected chemicals in HBM4EU, a European-wide project to harmonise and advance HBM within 30 European countries. For this purpose, the analytical comparability and accuracy of participating laboratories were assessed by a QA/QC programme comprising interlaboratory comparison investigations (ICIs) and external quality assurance schemes (EQUASs). This paper presents the evaluation process and discusses the results of three ICI/EQUAS rounds for the determination of aromatic amines in urine conducted in 2019 and 2020. The final evaluation included ten participants which analysed the following six targeted aromatic amines over three rounds: aniline, -toluidine (TOL), 4,4'-methylenedianiline (MDA), 4,4'-methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA), 2,4-diaminotoluene (2,4-TDA), and 2,6-diaminotoluene (2,6-TDA). Most participants achieved satisfactory and highly comparable results, although low quantification limits were required to quantify the parameters at the level of exposure in the general population. Hydrolysis of the sample followed by liquid-liquid extraction and subsequent analysis of the derivatised analytes by means of GC-MS/MS were preferred for the sensitive and precise determination of aromatic amines in urine. This QA/QC programme succeeded in establishing a network of laboratories with high analytical comparability and accuracy for the analysis of aromatic amines in Europe.
接触芳香胺可能发生在烟草烟雾、染发剂或纹身墨水中，但在某些制造过程的工作场所也会接触到。由于某些芳香胺是已知的或疑似致癌物，人体生物监测（HBM）对于评估其暴露情况至关重要。芳香胺是HBM4EU项目中选定的化学品之一，该项目是一个全欧洲范围的项目，旨在协调和推进30个欧洲国家的人体生物监测。为此，通过一个包括实验室间比对调查（ICI）和外部质量保证计划（EQUAS）的质量保证/质量控制（QA/QC）程序，对参与实验室的分析可比性和准确性进行了评估。本文介绍了评估过程，并讨论了2019年和2020年进行的三轮尿液中芳香胺测定的ICI/EQUAS结果。最终评估包括十名参与者，他们在三轮实验中分析了以下六种目标芳香胺：苯胺、邻甲苯胺（TOL）、4,4'-亚甲基二苯胺（MDA）、4,4'-亚甲基双（2-氯苯胺）（MOCA）、2,4-二氨基甲苯（2,4-TDA）和2,6-二氨基甲苯（2,6-TDA）。尽管需要较低的定量限才能在一般人群暴露水平下对参数进行定量，但大多数参与者都取得了令人满意且具有高度可比性的结果。对于尿液中芳香胺的灵敏和精确测定，样品水解后进行液液萃取，随后通过气相色谱-串联质谱法对衍生化分析物进行分析是首选方法。这个QA/QC程序成功地建立了一个在欧洲具有高分析可比性和准确性的芳香胺分析实验室网络。
