Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 9-11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2022 Mar;70:126912. doi: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126912. Epub 2021 Dec 15.
The pan-European human biomonitoring initiative HBM4EU targets the harmonization of human biomonitoring (HBM) procedures and data for both environmental and occupational exposure, including chromium. The determination of chromium in urine (U-Cr), plasma (P-Cr) and whole blood (WB-Cr) is a common HBM application in employees occupationally exposed to chromium (VI) compounds.
European laboratories which have registered as candidate laboratories for chromium analysis within HBM4EU were invited to participate in a quality assurance/qualitycontrol (QA/QC) programme comprising interlaboratory comparison investigations (ICI) for the parameters U-Cr, P-Cr and WB-Cr. Participating laboratories received two samples of different concentrations in each of four rounds and were asked to analyse the samples using their standard analytical procedure. The data were evaluated by the Z-score approach and were reported to the participants after each round.
The majority of the 29 participating laboratories obtained satisfactory results, although low limits of quantification were required to quantify chromium concentrations in some of the ICI materials. The robust relative standard deviation of the participants' results (study RSD) obtained from all ICI runs ranged from 6 to 16 % for U-Cr, 7-18 % for P-Cr and 4-47 % for WB-Cr. The application of both inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (EAAS) appeared appropriate for the determination of chromium in urine, plasma and whole blood with regard to occupational exposure levels.
This QA/QC programme succeeded in establishing a network of laboratories with high analytical comparability and accuracy for the analysis of chromium across Europe.
泛欧人体生物监测倡议 HBM4EU 的目标是协调环境和职业暴露（包括铬）的人体生物监测 (HBM) 程序和数据。测定尿液 (U-Cr)、血浆 (P-Cr) 和全血 (WB-Cr) 中的铬是职业接触铬 (VI) 化合物的员工进行 HBM 的常见应用。
已在 HBM4EU 中注册为铬分析候选实验室的欧洲实验室受邀参加一个质量保证/质量控制 (QA/QC) 计划，其中包括用于 U-Cr、P-Cr 和 WB-Cr 参数的实验室间比较研究 (ICI)。参与实验室在四轮研究中每轮都收到两种不同浓度的样本，并要求使用标准分析程序对样本进行分析。数据采用 Z 分数方法进行评估，并在每轮后报告给参与者。
尽管在某些 ICI 材料中需要较低的定量下限才能定量铬浓度，但 29 家参与实验室中的大多数实验室都获得了令人满意的结果。所有 ICI 运行的参与者结果（研究 RSD）的稳健相对标准偏差（6-16%）为 U-Cr，P-Cr（7-18%）和 WB-Cr（4-47%）。就职业暴露水平而言，电感耦合等离子体质谱 (ICP-MS) 和电热原子吸收光谱法 (EAAS) 的应用似乎都适用于尿液、血浆和全血中铬的测定。
该 QA/QC 计划成功地建立了一个实验室网络，这些实验室在欧洲具有高度的分析可比性和准确性，可用于分析铬。
