Cornejo José, García Cena Cecilia E, Baca José
Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería y Diseño Industrial, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ronda de Valencia, 3, 28012 Madrid, Spain.
Centre for Automation and Robotics (UPM-CSIC), Ronda de Valencia, 3, 28012 Madrid, Spain.
Biomimetics (Basel). 2024 Nov 13;9(11):693. doi: 10.3390/biomimetics9110693.
Over the past 50 years, the space race has potentially grown due to the development of sophisticated mechatronic systems. One of the most important is the bio-inspired mobile-planetary robots, actually for which there is no reported one that currently works physically on the Moon. Nonetheless, significant progress has been made to design biomimetic systems based on animal morphology adapted to sand (granular material) to test them in analog planetary environments, such as regolith simulants. Biomimetics and bio-inspired attributes contribute significantly to advancements across various industries by incorporating features from biological organisms, including autonomy, intelligence, adaptability, energy efficiency, self-repair, robustness, lightweight construction, and digging capabilities-all crucial for space systems. This study includes a scoping review, as of July 2024, focused on the design of animal-inspired robotic hardware for planetary exploration, supported by a bibliometric analysis of 482 papers indexed in Scopus. It also involves the classification and comparison of limbed and limbless animal-inspired robotic systems adapted for movement in soil and sand (locomotion methods such as grabbing-pushing, wriggling, undulating, and rolling) where the most published robots are inspired by worms, moles, snakes, lizards, crabs, and spiders. As a result of this research, this work presents a pioneering methodology for designing bio-inspired robots, justifying the application of biological morphologies for subsurface or surface lunar exploration. By highlighting the technical features of actuators, sensors, and mechanisms, this approach demonstrates the potential for advancing space robotics, by designing biomechatronic systems that mimic animal characteristics.
在过去的50年里，由于先进机电一体化系统的发展，太空竞赛有了潜在的发展。其中最重要的是受生物启发的移动行星机器人，实际上目前还没有报道过有能在月球上实际运行的此类机器人。尽管如此，在设计基于适应沙地（颗粒材料）的动物形态的仿生系统方面已经取得了重大进展，以便在模拟行星环境（如模拟月壤）中对其进行测试。仿生学和受生物启发的特性通过融入生物有机体的特征，包括自主性、智能性、适应性、能源效率、自我修复能力、坚固性、轻质结构和挖掘能力，为各个行业的进步做出了重大贡献，而这些特性对太空系统至关重要。本研究包括截至2024年7月的一项范围综述，重点是用于行星探索的受动物启发的机器人硬件设计，并辅以对Scopus中索引的482篇论文的文献计量分析。它还涉及对适用于在土壤和沙地中移动的有肢和无肢受动物启发的机器人系统进行分类和比较（如抓取-推挤、蠕动、波动和滚动等运动方式），其中发表最多的机器人灵感来自蠕虫、鼹鼠、蛇、蜥蜴、螃蟹和蜘蛛。作为这项研究的结果，这项工作提出了一种设计受生物启发机器人的开创性方法，证明了将生物形态应用于月球地下或表面探索的合理性。通过突出执行器、传感器和机构的技术特征，这种方法展示了通过设计模仿动物特征的生物机电一体化系统推进太空机器人技术的潜力。
