Toxicity of Eight Insecticides on and Its Pupal Parasitoid .

The pupal parasitoid (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) has been evaluated as a biological agent of . Integrated pest management strategies mostly rely on combined application of multiple insecticides and natural enemies. This study assessed the toxicity of eight common insecticides against in fruit orchards and the effects of semilethal and sublethal doses on . The eight insecticides had higher toxicities to larvae with lower LC values than those for adults. Adults and larvae showed high susceptibility to emamectin benzoate, spinetoram, lambda-cyhalothrin, abamectin, and sophocarpidine. The median lethal doses (LC) of lambda-cyhalothrin and imidacloprid to adults were 60.41 mg/L and 100.58 mg/L, higher than the toxicities of the other six insecticides. Applying chlorantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate, sophocarpidine, abamectin, azadirachtin, and spinetoram resulted in low toxicity to pupae. However, the exposure of pupae or larvae to these insecticides at semilethal and sublethal doses decreased the parasitism or eclosion rate of . These results improve our understanding of the effects of insecticide residues on development and provide a basis for the combined use of chemical and biological options for managing .