Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia.
Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Nov 6;25(22):11904. doi: 10.3390/ijms252211904.
Despite significant improvements in the comprehension of neuro-regeneration, restoring nerve injury in humans continues to pose a substantial therapeutic difficulty. In the peripheral nervous system (PNS), the nerve regeneration process after injury relies on Schwann cells. These cells play a crucial role in regulating and releasing different extracellular matrix proteins, including laminin and fibronectin, which are essential for facilitating nerve regeneration. However, during regeneration, the nerve is required to regenerate for a long distance and, subsequently, loses its capacity to facilitate regeneration during this progression. Meanwhile, it has been noted that nerve regeneration has limited capabilities in the central nervous system (CNS) compared to in the PNS. The CNS contains factors that impede the regeneration of axons following injury to the axons. The presence of glial scar formation results from this unfavourable condition, where glial cells accumulate at the injury site, generating a physical and chemical barrier that hinders the regeneration of neurons. In contrast to humans, several species, such as axolotls, polychaetes, and planarians, possess the ability to regenerate their neural systems following amputation. This ability is based on the vast amount of pluripotent stem cells that have the remarkable capacity to differentiate and develop into any cell within their body. Although humans also possess these cells, their numbers are extremely limited. Examining the molecular pathways exhibited by these organisms has the potential to offer a foundational understanding of the human regeneration process. This review provides a concise overview of the molecular pathways involved in axolotl, polychaete, and planarian neuro-regeneration. It has the potential to offer a new perspective on therapeutic approaches for neuro-regeneration in humans.
尽管对神经再生的理解有了显著提高，但在人类中恢复神经损伤仍然是一个重大的治疗难题。在外周神经系统 (PNS) 中，损伤后神经再生过程依赖于雪旺细胞。这些细胞在调节和释放不同的细胞外基质蛋白方面发挥着关键作用，包括层粘连蛋白和纤维连接蛋白，它们对于促进神经再生是必不可少的。然而，在再生过程中，神经需要长距离再生，并且在这个过程中会失去促进再生的能力。同时，已经注意到与 PNS 相比，CNS 中的神经再生能力有限。CNS 中存在阻碍损伤轴突后轴突再生的因素。神经胶质瘢痕的形成就是这种不利条件的结果，其中神经胶质细胞在损伤部位聚集，产生物理和化学屏障，阻碍神经元的再生。与人类不同，几种物种，如蝾螈、多毛类和扁形虫，在截肢后能够再生其神经系统。这种能力基于大量多能干细胞，这些干细胞具有显著的分化能力，可以发育成体内的任何细胞。尽管人类也拥有这些细胞，但数量非常有限。研究这些生物体表现出的分子途径有可能为人类再生过程提供基础的理解。这篇综述简要概述了蝾螈、多毛类和扁形虫神经再生涉及的分子途径。它有可能为人类神经再生的治疗方法提供新的视角。
