Efficacy of Feed Additives on Immune Modulation and Disease Resistance in Tilapia in Coinfection Model with Tilapia Lake Virus and .

Coinfections by multiple pathogens, including viruses and bacteria, have severely impacted tilapia aquaculture globally. This study evaluated the impacts of dietary supplementation on red hybrid tilapia ( spp.) coinfected with Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) and . Fish were divided into three groups: a control group on a normal diet, and two experimental groups received diets supplemented with strategy A, an organic acid blend combined with a lyso-phospholipid-based digestive enhancer, and strategy B, an organic acid blend combined with natural immunostimulants and nutrients. Following exposure to both pathogens, the fish supplemented with strategies A and B showed lower cumulative mortality rates of 50.0% and 41.7%, respectively, compared to 76.3% in the control group. Notably, fish fed with strategy B-supplemented diet displayed a stronger immune response, with a lower expression of , , and , and showed less pathological changes in the liver, spleen, and intestines, suggesting enhanced resistance to coinfection. In contrast, fish receiving strategy A did not exhibit significant changes in the immune-related gene expression or pathogen load, but demonstrate less pathological alterations, indicating intestinal protection. These findings highlight the potential of feed additives, particularly strategy B, to reduce the impact of virus-bacterial coinfections and improve outcomes in tilapia farming.