Use of Epinephrine in Cardiac Arrest: Advances and Future Challenges.

Epinephrine is the most common medication used in cardiac arrest. Although the medication has been a mainstay of treatment over the last century, the utility and efficacy of epinephrine has been re-evaluated in recent years. This study aims to evaluate the literature describing the efficacy, timing, and dosing of epinephrine use in cardiac arrest. We utilized an extensive PubMed and SCOPUS search that included randomized control trials, prospective observational studies, and secondary analysis of observational data. These articles evaluated the administration of epinephrine in cardiac arrest and reported patient outcomes, including survival rates, neurological function, and return of spontaneous circulation. Dosing of epinephrine has been standardized at 1 mg per administration in adults and studies show that higher doses may not have better outcomes and can potentially be harmful. Research on the optimal timing of epinephrine has shown that earlier administration of epinephrine in cardiac arrest is more likely to have improved outcomes compared to later administration and longer intervals, although there are still conflicting results on the improvement of neurological outcomes. Intravenous is the preferred route of administration for epinephrine, but new research suggests intramuscular administration may be beneficial. While epinephrine has been shown to improve the rates of return of spontaneous circulation and even survival to hospital discharge in several studies, epinephrine use may not provide patients who survive cardiac arrest with a meaningful neurological recovery.