Khalil Mohamad, Di Ciaula Agostino, Mahdi Laura, Jaber Nour, Di Palo Domenica Maria, Graziani Annarita, Baffy Gyorgy, Portincasa Piero
Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), Medical School, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy.
Division of Hygiene, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
Microorganisms. 2024 Nov 15;12(11):2333. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms12112333.
The human gut is a complex ecosystem that supports billions of living species, including bacteria, viruses, archaea, phages, fungi, and unicellular eukaryotes. Bacteria give genes and enzymes for microbial and host-produced compounds, establishing a symbiotic link between the external environment and the host at both the gut and systemic levels. The gut microbiome, which is primarily made up of commensal bacteria, is critical for maintaining the healthy host's immune system, aiding digestion, synthesizing essential nutrients, and protecting against pathogenic bacteria, as well as influencing endocrine, neural, humoral, and immunological functions and metabolic pathways. Qualitative, quantitative, and/or topographic shifts can alter the gut microbiome, resulting in dysbiosis and microbial dysfunction, which can contribute to a variety of noncommunicable illnesses, including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, and irritable bowel syndrome. While most evidence to date is observational and does not establish direct causation, ongoing clinical trials and advanced genomic techniques are steadily enhancing our understanding of these intricate interactions. This review will explore key aspects of the relationship between gut microbiota, eubiosis, and dysbiosis in human health and disease, highlighting emerging strategies for microbiome engineering as potential therapeutic approaches for various conditions.
人类肠道是一个复杂的生态系统，其中栖息着数十亿个生物物种，包括细菌、病毒、古菌、噬菌体、真菌和单细胞真核生物。细菌为微生物和宿主产生的化合物提供基因和酶，在肠道和全身水平上建立了外部环境与宿主之间的共生联系。肠道微生物群主要由共生细菌组成，对于维持健康宿主的免疫系统、帮助消化、合成必需营养素、抵御病原菌至关重要，还会影响内分泌、神经、体液和免疫功能以及代谢途径。定性、定量和/或地形学上的变化会改变肠道微生物群，导致生态失调和微生物功能障碍，进而引发多种非传染性疾病，包括高血压、心血管疾病、肥胖症、糖尿病、炎症性肠病、癌症和肠易激综合征。虽然迄今为止的大多数证据都是观察性的，并未确立直接因果关系，但正在进行的临床试验和先进的基因组技术正在不断加深我们对这些复杂相互作用的理解。本综述将探讨肠道微生物群、共生和生态失调在人类健康与疾病中的关系的关键方面，重点介绍微生物组工程作为各种病症潜在治疗方法的新兴策略。
