Guo Chao, Hu Shiwen, Cheng Pengfei, Cheng Kuan, Yang Yang, Chen Guojun, Wang Qi, Wang Ying, Liu Tongxu
National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
Eco Environ Health. 2024 Jun 11;3(4):505-515. doi: 10.1016/j.eehl.2024.05.005. eCollection 2024 Dec.
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are emerging organic pollutants that have attracted significant attention in the fields of environmental chemistry and toxicology. Although PFAAs are pervasive in soils and sediments, there is a paucity of research regarding their environmental forms and driving mechanisms. This review provides an overview of the classification and biotoxicity of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), organic pollutant forms, PFAS extraction and analytical methods, the prediction of PFAS distribution in soils, and current PFAS remediation strategies. Four predominant PFAA forms have been proposed in soils: (i) aqueous-extracted PFAAs, (ii) organic-solvent extracted PFAAs, (iii) embedded or sequestered PFAAs, and (iv) covalently bound PFAAs. Furthermore, it suggests suitable extraction methods and predictive models for different PFAA forms, which are instrumental in the research on PFAA speciation and prediction in soils. Simultaneously, it was proposed that elemental cycling and microbial activity may affect the speciation of PFAS. Additionally, the categorization of PFAA forms facilitated the analysis of pollution remediation. Understanding the interplay between PFAA speciation, element cycling, and bacterial activity during soil remediation is essential for understanding remediation mechanisms and assessing the long-term stability of remediation methods. Future studies should expand the investigation of varying PFAA forms in different media, consider the potential binding forms of PFAAs to minerals, organic matter, and microbes, and evaluate the possible mechanisms of PFAA speciation variation.
全氟烷基酸（PFAAs）是新兴的有机污染物，在环境化学和毒理学领域引起了广泛关注。尽管PFAAs在土壤和沉积物中普遍存在，但关于其环境形态和驱动机制的研究却很少。本文综述了全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）的分类和生物毒性、有机污染物形态、PFAS提取和分析方法、PFAS在土壤中分布的预测以及当前的PFAS修复策略。土壤中已提出四种主要的PFAA形态：（i）水提取的PFAAs，（ii）有机溶剂提取的PFAAs，（iii）嵌入或隔离的PFAAs，以及（iv）共价结合的PFAAs。此外，本文还针对不同的PFAA形态提出了合适的提取方法和预测模型，这有助于PFAA在土壤中的形态研究和预测。同时，研究表明元素循环和微生物活动可能会影响PFAS的形态。此外，PFAA形态的分类有助于污染修复分析。了解土壤修复过程中PFAA形态、元素循环和细菌活动之间的相互作用，对于理解修复机制和评估修复方法的长期稳定性至关重要。未来的研究应扩大对不同介质中各种PFAA形态的调查，考虑PFAA与矿物质、有机物和微生物的潜在结合形式，并评估PFAA形态变化的可能机制。
