The legacies of A. O. Dennis Willows and Peter A. Getting: neuroscience research using .

This review was inspired by a January 2024 conference held at Friday Harbor Laboratories, WA, honoring the pioneering work of A.O. Dennis Willows, who initiated research on the sea slug (now ). A chance discovery while he was a student at a summer course there has, over the years, led to many insights into the roles of identified neurons in neural circuits and their influence on behavior. Among Dennis's trainees was Peter Getting, whose later groundbreaking work on central pattern generators profoundly influenced the field and included one of the earliest uses of realistic modeling for understanding neural circuits. Research on has led to key conceptual advances in polymorphic or multifunctional neural networks, intrinsic neuromodulation, and the evolution of neural circuits. It also has enhanced our understanding of geomagnetic sensing, learning and memory mechanisms, prepulse inhibition, and even drug-induced hallucinations. Although the community of researchers studying has never been large, its contributions to neuroscience have been substantial, underscoring the importance of examining a diverse array of animal species rather than focusing on a small number of standard model organisms.