Production and transformation of biogenic amines in different food products by the metabolic activity of the lactic acid bacteria.

Protein-rich diets often contain high quantities of biogenic amines (BAs), notably histamine and tyramine, which pose substantial health hazards owing to their toxicity. BAs are primarily produced by the microbial decarboxylation of free amino acids. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can either produce BAs using substrate-specific decarboxylase enzymes or degrade them into non-toxic compounds using amine-degrading enzymes such as amine oxidase and multicopper oxidase. Furthermore, LAB may inhibit BA-producing microbes by generating bioactive metabolites, including organic acids and bacteriocins. This paper thoroughly explores the processes underlying BA production and degradation in LAB, with a focus on the diversity of enzymes involved. Metabolic mapping of LAB strains at the genus and species levels reveals their involvement in BA metabolism, from production to degradation. The phylogenetic-based evolutionary relatedness of BA-producing and BA-degrading enzymes among LAB strains sheds light on their functional adaptability to various metabolic needs and ecological settings. These findings have significant practical implications for establishing better microbial management strategies in food production, particularly through strategically using starter or bioprotective cultures to reduce BA buildup. By highlighting the evolutionary and metabolic diversity of LAB, this review helps to optimize industrial fermentation processes, improve food safety protocols, and advance future research and innovation in BA management, ultimately protecting consumer health and supporting regulatory compliance.