Intelligent pH-responsive ratiometric fluorescent nanofiber films for visual and real-time seafood freshness monitoring.

In this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based ratiometric fluorescence nanofiber films with salicylamide (SA) as the response signal, rhodamine B (RhB) as the internal reference were prepared using electrospinning technique, and reducing their water solubility by glutaraldehyde (G) crosslinked. The RhB and SA were successfully immobilized in the PVA substrate. Moreover, RhB and SA improved the water resistance, water vapor barrier, and mechanical strength of the nanofiber films, among the PVA nanofiber films containing RhB and 400 mg SA (PVA/RhB/4SA-G) showed the best packaging performance. Meanwhile, it exhibited high sensitivity to ammonia (limit of detection was 0.97 ppm), and could effectively distinguish the freshness states of shrimp stored at 4 and 25 °C by displaying a distinct shift from light pink to bright purple fluorescence. Moreover, the migration studies confirmed the safety of PVA/RhB/4SA-G. Therefore, the fabricated PVA/RhB/4SA-G can be utilized as a promising intelligent packaging for monitoring seafood freshness in real-time.