Huang Jiangping, Li Meiting, Han Chengyun, Zhang Zhongwei, Liu Xiang, Ying Zhixuan, Yin Peipei, Yang Lingguang
College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, China.
College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, China.
Int J Biol Macromol. 2025 Jan;284(Pt 2):138246. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.138246. Epub 2024 Nov 30.
Acer truncatum is a multifunctional tree species with broad applications in ornamental, healthy drink, and seed oil. In the present study, proanthocyanidins were isolated from the seed coats of A. truncatum, which were largely discarded as industrial wastes in seed oil production. Meanwhile, structural features, effects and mechanisms of anti-tyrosinase, anti-melanogenesis, and anti-browning of A. truncatum seed coat proanthocyanidins (ASPs) were systematically investigated. The joint application of FT-IR, MALDI-TOF-MS, hiolysis-coupled reverse-phase LC-ESI-MS, together with normal-phase LC confirmed that ASPs were predominately constituted by procyanidins with a mean polymerization degree of 12.09. Furthermore, ASPs powerfully inhibited both monophenolase and diphenolase activities of tyrosinase, and the inhibition of diphenolase was proved to be reversible and competitive-uncompetitive mixed type. Analyses of fluorescence quenching, UV spectra, and copper-ion chelation indicated that ASPs could inhibit tyrosinase in varied stages, and molecular docking and dynamic simulation further revealed the interaction mode between ASPs and tyrosinase. Cell assays further suggested that ASPs exhibited a strong inhibition against intracellular tyrosinase activity and melanin production through suppressing the expression of tyrosinase and microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF) at transcription level and caused apoptosis in B16F10 cells at higher concentrations. Antioxidant and anti-browning studies demonstrated that ASPs possessed high capacities of antioxidant, and potently suppress the browning of fresh-cut potatoes. Therefore, this study confirmed that seed coats of Acer truncatum is a potential natural source of tyrosinase, melanogenesis, and browning inhibitor, which provided a theoretical basis for the utilization of ASPs in the cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and food industries.
元宝枫是一种多功能树种，在观赏、健康饮品和种子油等方面有广泛应用。在本研究中，从元宝枫种皮中分离出原花青素，这些种皮在种子油生产中大多作为工业废料被丢弃。同时，系统研究了元宝枫种皮原花青素（ASPs）的结构特征、抗酪氨酸酶、抗黑色素生成和抗褐变的作用及机制。傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）、基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱（MALDI-TOF-MS）、水解偶联反相液相色谱-电喷雾电离质谱（hiolysis-coupled reverse-phase LC-ESI-MS）与正相液相色谱联用，证实ASPs主要由平均聚合度为12.09的原花青素组成。此外，ASPs能有效抑制酪氨酸酶的单酚酶和二酚酶活性，且对二酚酶的抑制作用是可逆的，属于竞争性-非竞争性混合型。荧光猝灭、紫外光谱和铜离子螯合分析表明，ASPs能在不同阶段抑制酪氨酸酶，分子对接和动力学模拟进一步揭示了ASPs与酪氨酸酶的相互作用模式。细胞实验进一步表明，ASPs通过在转录水平抑制酪氨酸酶和小眼畸形相关转录因子（MITF）的表达，对细胞内酪氨酸酶活性和黑色素生成具有强烈抑制作用，且在较高浓度下可导致B16F10细胞凋亡。抗氧化和抗褐变研究表明，ASPs具有较高的抗氧化能力，能有效抑制鲜切土豆的褐变。因此，本研究证实元宝枫种皮是酪氨酸酶、黑色素生成和褐变抑制剂的潜在天然来源，为ASPs在化妆品、制药和食品工业中的应用提供了理论依据。
