Hao Shuang, Su Judith
Wyant College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America.
Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America.
Rep Prog Phys. 2024 Dec 23;88(1). doi: 10.1088/1361-6633/ad99e7.
Sensors are important for a wide variety of applications include medical diagnostics and environmental monitoring. Due to their long photon confinement times, whispering gallery mode (WGM) sensors are among the most sensitive sensors currently in existence. We briefly discuss what are WGM sensors, the principles of WGM sensing, and the history of the field, beginning with Mie theory. We discuss recent work in the field on using these WGM resonators as sensors, focusing particularly on biological and chemical sensing applications. We discuss how sensorgrams are acquired and fundamental measurement limits. In addition, we discuss how to interpret binding curves and extract physical parameters such as binding affinity constants. We discuss the controversy surrounding single-molecule detection and discuss hybrid WGM nanoparticle sensors. In addition, we place these sensors in context with others sensing technologies both labeled and label-free. Finally, we discuss what we believe are the most promising applications for these devices, outline remaining challenges, and provide an outlook for the future.
传感器对于包括医学诊断和环境监测在内的广泛应用都很重要。由于其长光子限制时间，回音壁模式（WGM）传感器是目前现存最灵敏的传感器之一。我们从米氏理论开始，简要讨论什么是WGM传感器、WGM传感原理以及该领域的历史。我们讨论该领域近期将这些WGM谐振器用作传感器的工作，尤其关注生物和化学传感应用。我们讨论如何获取传感图以及基本测量极限。此外，我们讨论如何解释结合曲线并提取诸如结合亲和常数等物理参数。我们讨论围绕单分子检测的争议并讨论混合WGM纳米颗粒传感器。此外，我们将这些传感器与其他有标记和无标记的传感技术进行对比。最后，我们讨论我们认为这些设备最有前景的应用，概述剩余挑战，并展望未来。
