Lv Jiapei, Sun Shanwei, Wu Rongshan, Li Xu, Bai Yangwei, Xu Jian, Guo Changsheng
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
Environ Res. 2025 Feb 1;266:120513. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.120513. Epub 2024 Dec 3.
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are widely used plasticizers that can easily migrate from plastic products, thereby presenting potential health risks through exposure. While PAE concentrations in dust have received increasing attention, there is still a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding their environmental distribution, composition profiles, and associated human exposure risks in Beijing. This study investigated the presence of seven PAEs in 124 dust samples collected from eight indoor and four outdoor microenvironment types across the Beijing metropolitan area. The PAEs were detected universally in all samples, with di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di-iso-butyl phthalate (DIBP) as the predominant compounds, accounting for 91.78%-99.91% and 91.22%-99.76% of total PAE concentrations (ΣPAEs) in indoor and outdoor dust, respectively. Indoor dust exhibited significantly higher ΣPAEs (range: 45.33-1212.41 μg/g, mean: 130.61 μg/g) compared to outdoor dust (range: 2.10-5.41 μg/g, mean: 3.38 μg/g). Among indoor microenvironments, taxis had the highest ΣPAEs (mean: 1250.59 μg/g), followed by private cars, print shops, residences, furniture shops, shopping malls, dormitories and offices. Outdoor ΣPAEs levels decreased in the order of roads, residential areas, green belts, and parks. Estimated daily exposure doses through dust ingestion were significantly higher than those from dermal absorption and inhalation for five occupational groups (taxi drivers, print shop workers, road workers, office workers, jobless people), indicating dust ingestion as the primary exposure route, with DEHP and DBP as the main contributors. While current exposure levels may not present significant non-cancer risks based on hazard quotient and hazard index estimations, it's noteworthy that DEHP may pose a carcinogenic risk to taxi drivers. Potential risks cannot be overlooked considering the absence of toxicity thresholds, additional exposure pathways, and possible cocktail effects from coexisting pollutants.
邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）是广泛使用的增塑剂，很容易从塑料制品中迁移出来，从而通过接触带来潜在健康风险。虽然灰尘中的PAE浓度已受到越来越多的关注，但在北京，人们对其环境分布、成分特征以及相关的人体接触风险仍缺乏全面了解。本研究调查了从北京大都市区八种室内和四种室外微环境类型采集的124份灰尘样本中七种PAEs的存在情况。所有样本中均普遍检测到PAEs，其中邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）和邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯（DIBP）为主要化合物，分别占室内和室外灰尘中总PAE浓度（ΣPAEs）的91.78%-99.91%和91.22%-99.76%。与室外灰尘（范围：2.10-5.41μg/g，均值：3.38μg/g）相比，室内灰尘的ΣPAEs显著更高（范围：45.33-1212.41μg/g，均值：130.61μg/g）。在室内微环境中，出租车的ΣPAEs最高（均值：1250.59μg/g），其次是私家车、印刷厂、住宅、家具店、商场、宿舍和办公室。室外ΣPAEs水平按道路、居民区、绿化带和公园的顺序降低。五个职业群体（出租车司机、印刷厂工人、道路工人、办公室职员、无业人员）通过灰尘摄入的估计每日暴露剂量显著高于经皮肤吸收和吸入的剂量，表明灰尘摄入是主要暴露途径，DEHP和DBP是主要贡献者。虽然根据危害商数和危害指数估计，目前的暴露水平可能不会带来显著的非癌症风险，但值得注意的是，DEHP可能对出租车司机构成致癌风险。考虑到缺乏毒性阈值、额外的暴露途径以及共存污染物可能产生的混合效应，潜在风险不容忽视。
