Awan Jawaria Aslam, Qamar Aisha, Surti Ambreen, Anwar Eman
Dr. Jawaria Aslam Awan, BDS, MPhil. Senior Lecturer - Department of Anatomy, Bahria University Health Sciences Campus Karachi (BUHSCK), Karachi, Pakistan.
Prof. Dr. Aisha Qamar, MBBS, MPhil. Senior Professor - Department of Anatomy, Bahria University Health Sciences Campus Karachi (BUHSCK), Karachi, Pakistan.
Pak J Med Sci. 2024 Dec;40(11):2538-2543. doi: 10.12669/pjms.40.11.9792.
Congenital malformations (CM) are structural defects of the human body that arise during development. They significantly impact neonatal outcomes such as morbidity and mortality, hence identification of risk factors and their reduction is vital to improve materno-fetal outcomes. In Karachi, Pakistan, there is insufficient data on the incidence of congenital malformations. Therefore, it is necessary to initiate a prospective case control study. The desired objective was to determine the association of congenital malformations with sociodemographic and maternal risk factors in different ethnicities.
This multi-center case control study spanned over a duration of six months (December 2022 - May 2023) and included women ranging from 18-45 years using purposive sampling technique. It was conducted at Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center and Tanveer Ultrasound Clinic. Sample of 120 participants fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included in this study after purposive sampling. Sonoscape S22 ultrasound system and Toshiba Aplio 500 ultrasound system were used to detect congenital malformations.
Participants were divided into five groups based on ethnicity. Most of the congenital anomalies of the central nervous system were seen in Urdu-speaking group with a p-value = 0.016. An association between maternal age, education level, family income and medications with congenital malformations in fetuses was observed with p-values of 0.003, 0.000, 0.024 and 0.000 respectively.
It was evident that various maternal sociodemographic and risk factors play a significant role in the development of congenital anomalies.
先天性畸形（CM）是人体在发育过程中出现的结构缺陷。它们对新生儿的发病率和死亡率等结局有重大影响，因此识别风险因素并降低这些因素对于改善母婴结局至关重要。在巴基斯坦卡拉奇，关于先天性畸形发病率的数据不足。因此，有必要开展一项前瞻性病例对照研究。预期目标是确定不同种族中先天性畸形与社会人口统计学及母亲风险因素之间的关联。
这项多中心病例对照研究持续了六个月（2022年12月至2023年5月），采用立意抽样技术纳入了18至45岁的女性。研究在真纳研究生医学中心和坦维尔超声诊所进行。经过立意抽样，120名符合纳入标准的参与者被纳入本研究。使用 SonoScape S22 超声系统和东芝 Aplio 500 超声系统检测先天性畸形。
参与者根据种族分为五组。中枢神经系统的大多数先天性异常出现在说乌尔都语的组中，p值 = 0.016。观察到母亲年龄、教育水平、家庭收入和药物与胎儿先天性畸形之间存在关联，p值分别为0.003、0.000、0.024和0.000。
显然，各种母亲的社会人口统计学和风险因素在先天性异常的发生中起着重要作用。
