不同监督下的结构化体育锻炼对儿童和青少年体能训练能力的影响：一项荟萃分析和元回归分析：儿童和青少年健康中的体能训练能力

Effects of different supervised and structured physical exercise on the physical fitness trainability of children and adolescents: a meta-analysis and meta-regression : Physical fitness trainability in children and adolescents' health.

作者信息

Pinho Carolina Dertzbocher Feil, Bagatini-PhD Natália Carvalho, Lisboa Salime Donida Chedid, Mello Júlio Brugnara, Cunha Giovani Dos Santos

机构信息

Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - School of Physical Education, 750, Felizardo Street - Jardim Botânico, Porto Alegre, 90690-200, Brazil.

Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso - Escuela de Educación Física - eFIDac Research Group, Valparaíso, Chile.

出版信息

BMC Pediatr. 2024 Dec 5;24(1):798. doi: 10.1186/s12887-024-04929-2.

BACKGROUND

Physical fitness has been considered an important health indicator. Several factors can impact the increase in physical fitness in children and adolescents, including chronological age, sex and BMI, in addition to training variables such as weekly frequency, session and intervention duration, and types of exercises performed. To know the importance of variables that can impact physical fitness, it is important for health professionals to identify the most efficient way of prescribing physical exercises for children and adolescents. The aim is review and meta-analyses of the effects of supervised and structured physical exercise on the physical fitness trainability of children and adolescents.

METHODS

Relevant articles were searched in the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase and Scopus platform databases and selected based on the following criteria: children and adolescents aged between 7 and 17 years who performed any type of structured physical exercise compared to a control group without exercise and evaluating physical fitness (strength or muscular power, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) or speed. The results are reported in accordance with PRISMA 2020.

RESULTS

Eighty studies were included with a total of 5769 participants. Strength exercises (ES: 1.073; 95% CI, 0.612-1.533; P < 0.001; I2: 74%), concurrent (ES: 1.054; 95% CI, 0.255-1.853; P < 0.010; I2: 72%) and sports (ES: 0.573; 95% CI, 0.015 to 1.132; P < 0.044; I2: 34%) seem to be the most effective in increasing muscular strength. Aerobic activities (ES: 0.400; 95% CI, 0.258-0.542; P < 0.001; I: 74%), sports (ES: 0.271; 95% IC, 0.148-0.394; P < 0.001; I: 15), or HIIT (ES: 0.668; 95% IC, 0.333-1.003; P < 0.001; I: 29%) resulted in increased CRF (ES: 0.514; 95% IC, 0.220-1.808; P < 0.001; I: 66%). The practice of physical exercise increased muscular power (ES: 0.241; 95% CI, 0.053-0.429; P = 0.012; I: 0%). The practice of HIIT impacts MAS gains (ES: 0.048; 95% CI, 0.050 - 0.026; P = 0.029; I: 44%).

CONCLUSION

Supervised and structured physical exercise can improve muscular strength (15-35%), CRF (5.4-8.5%), muscular power (5.6-11.8%), and MAS (5.4%) trainability in children and adolescents. Sex, BMI of the subjects and type of exercise performed (aerobic activities, exclusive to strength, HIIT or sports) should be considered when prescribing the exercise.

背景

身体素质一直被视为一项重要的健康指标。除了训练变量，如每周锻炼频率、每次训练时长、干预持续时间以及所进行的运动类型外，还有几个因素会影响儿童和青少年身体素质的提升，包括实足年龄、性别和体重指数。为了了解可能影响身体素质的变量的重要性，健康专业人员确定为儿童和青少年制定体育锻炼计划的最有效方法非常重要。目的是对有监督的结构化体育锻炼对儿童和青少年身体素质可训练性的影响进行综述和荟萃分析。

方法

在PubMed、Cochrane图书馆、Embase和Scopus平台数据库中检索相关文章，并根据以下标准进行选择：年龄在7至17岁之间的儿童和青少年，他们进行了任何类型的结构化体育锻炼，并与未进行锻炼的对照组进行比较，同时评估身体素质（力量或肌肉力量、心肺适能（CRF）或速度）。结果按照PRISMA 2020进行报告。

结果

纳入了80项研究，共有5769名参与者。力量训练（效应量：1.073；95%置信区间，0.612 - 1.533；P < 0.001；I²：74%）、同时进行的训练（效应量：1.054；95%置信区间，0.255 - 1.853；P < 0.010；I²：72%）和体育运动（效应量：0.573；95%置信区间，0.015至1.132；P < 0.044；I²：34%）似乎在增加肌肉力量方面最有效。有氧运动（效应量：0.400；95%置信区间，0.258 - 0.542；P < 0.001；I²：74%）、体育运动（效应量：0.271；95%置信区间，0.148 - 0.394；P < 0.001；I²：15%）或高强度间歇训练（HIIT）（效应量：0.668；95%置信区间，0.333 - 1.003；P < 0.001；I²：29%）可使CRF增加（效应量：总效应量0.514；95%置信区间，0.220 - 1.808；P < 0.001；I²：66%）。体育锻炼可提高肌肉力量（效应量：0.241；95%置信区间，0.053 - 0.429；P = 0.012；I²：0%）。HIIT的实施会影响最大自主收缩力的增加（效应量：0.048；95%置信区间，0.050 - 0.026；P = 0.029；I²：44%）。