Theoretical framework and differentiated policies for national park zoning management: A Baishanzu case study in China.

Human activities are contributing to a global decline in biodiversity and ecosystem services. While national parks, rooted in sustainable development principles, aim to counteract this trend and have been successful in developed nations, their direct applicability to developing countries is debatable. In light of the challenges associated with coordinating environmental, social, economic, and cultural objectives, we have formulated a theoretical framework centered on the concept of "risk-value" for managing national park zoning in developing nations. This framework is designed to promote co-prosperity by simultaneously addressing biodiversity conservation, equity, and human well-being concerns. Our framework, when applied to China's Baishanzu National Park, entailed subdividing the park into four distinct zones, each managed by specific and tailored policies. Our research provides insights into the theoretical underpinnings of implementing the national park concept in developing countries and showcases effective strategies for enhancing ecological conservation in these regions.