Universal Teacher-Child Interaction Training in early childhood special education: Identifying mechanisms of action that explain why it works.

Teacher-Child Interaction Training-Universal (TCIT-U) is effective for increasing teachers' use of strategies that promote positive child behavior; however, the exact mechanisms of change are unknown. Using a cluster randomized control trial in a sample of 410 racially- and ethnically-diverse children (M = 41.73 months; 50% White, 45% Black/African-American, 4% Multiracial, 1% Asian; 59% Hispanic; 87% with disabilities) taught by 102 teachers from 38 classrooms in eight schools, we attempted to identify these mechanisms of action. Results identified two mechanisms of action by which TCIT-U worked to benefit children in this sample. Enrollment in TCIT-U helped teachers learn to provide labeled praise for child behaviors (as measured by observer ratings) and appropriately follow through on commands (as measured by observer ratings) they issued, which subsequently caused children to experience better socioemotional functioning (as measured by on the teacher-reported Devereux Early Childhood Assessment) and fewer externalizing problems (as measured by the Sutter-Eyberg Student Behavior Inventory - Revised). Specifically, being in the TCIT-U intervention predicted more teacher use of labeled praise at post-treatment, which predicted lower child SESBI-Intensity scores at 1-month follow-up (Indirect Effect B = -1.97, SE = 0.73, p < .01). Additionally, being in the TCIT-U intervention predicted teacher follow-up on a greater proportion of direct commands post-treatment, which was associated with fewer student externalizing problem behaviors post-treatment (Indirect Effect B = -1.47, SE = 0.70, p = .04) and with higher student DECA Total Protective Factor scale scores post-treatment (Indirect Effect B = 3.72, SE = 1.63, p = .02). We discuss reasons why changing these two teacher behaviors might serve as mechanisms of change in our sample. Current findings reveal why TCIT-U might be effective as a universal prevention program that promotes socioemotional functioning and reduces externalizing behavior in racially- and ethnically-diverse samples of children with disabilities.