van Rooy Leanne, Botma Yvonne, Filmalter Celia J, Heyns Tanya
Department of Nursing Science, School of Health Care Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
School of Nursing, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
Worldviews Evid Based Nurs. 2025 Feb;22(1):e12761. doi: 10.1111/wvn.12761. Epub 2024 Dec 9.
Human trafficking, a form of modern slavery, is a global health problem. Human trafficking victims may need health care while they are being exploited, and traffickers often take victims to emergency departments (EDs) if their injuries and illness prevent them from working. Healthcare professionals in EDs could help combat human trafficking; however, 85% of human trafficking victims in EDs remain unidentified. Implementing a standardized care pathway to improve the identification and care of human trafficking victims may improve the identification of these victims and allow victims to become survivors.
This mapping review aimed to identify the elements that should be included in a care pathway facilitating the recognition of and response to human trafficking victims in EDs.
Five electronic databases generated 159 articles and 628 gray literature records, of which 23 primary research reports and five reports from gray literature were included. The following electronic databases were searched: EBSCOhost, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, and PubMed. ProQuest Central and gray literature were records OR Magazines OR Newspapers OR Blogs, Podcasts, AND Websites OR Working Papers OR Conference Papers & Proceedings. The inclusion criteria for the population were adults (≥18 years), human trafficking victims, and sex trafficking victims. The concept, pathway and algorithm, and context of the ED were used. Records were blinded when assessing eligibility. The demographics of the included records were descriptively analyzed. The reports and gray literature were deductively coded and charted. The data extraction tool was based on the emergency nursing framework and was developed before data extraction. Inductive analysis was used to create subthemes, namely, approach to victims, characteristics, red flags, identifying questions, opportunities to be recognized, strategies, approach upon recognition, potential danger, and resources.
A holistic care pathway embedded in a person-centered trauma-informed approach was conceptualized. The strategies are based on The Blue Heart and The Blue Campaign 4Ps, including prevention, protection, prosecuting, and partnerships. An evidence-informed approach that is culturally congruent and gender sensitive should be adopted. Healthcare professionals will be able to identify and assess victims, avoid retraumatization, and initiate interprofessional partnerships to provide coordinated care.
Human trafficking victims may escape detection in EDs. This mapping review identified elements to be included in a care pathway for recognizing and responding to victims of human trafficking. The care pathway should be built on person-centered and trauma-informed care and include prevention, protection, prosecution, and partnership-building strategies. Moreover, an interprofessional team approach is needed to identify, assess, and care for such victims. Future studies should develop a standardized care pathway for healthcare professionals to recognize and respond to human trafficking victims in emergency departments.
人口贩卖作为现代奴隶制的一种形式，是一个全球性的健康问题。人口贩卖受害者在被剥削期间可能需要医疗护理，而且如果受伤或患病导致无法工作， traffickers （原文有误，应为traffickers，意为“人口贩子”） 常常会将受害者送往急诊科。急诊科的医护人员能够协助打击人口贩卖；然而，急诊科中85%的人口贩卖受害者仍未被识别出来。实施标准化的护理路径以改善对人口贩卖受害者的识别和护理，可能会提高对这些受害者的识别率，并使受害者成为幸存者。
本映射综述旨在确定护理路径中应包含的要素，以促进急诊科对人口贩卖受害者的识别和应对。
五个电子数据库检索出159篇文章和628条灰色文献记录，其中纳入了23篇初步研究报告和5篇灰色文献报告。检索了以下电子数据库：EBSCOhost、Scopus、科学网、ProQuest和PubMed。ProQuest Central和灰色文献记录包括杂志、报纸、博客、播客、网站、工作论文、会议论文及会议记录。纳入人群的标准为成年人（≥18岁）、人口贩卖受害者和性交易受害者。使用了急诊科的概念、路径和算法以及背景。在评估入选资格时对记录进行盲法处理。对纳入记录的人口统计学数据进行描述性分析。对报告和灰色文献进行演绎编码并绘制图表。数据提取工具基于急诊护理框架，在数据提取之前开发。采用归纳分析来创建子主题，即对受害者的处理方法、特征、危险信号、识别问题、被识别的机会、策略、识别后的处理方法、潜在危险和资源。
构思了一种以患者为中心的创伤知情方法为基础的整体护理路径。这些策略基于《蓝心行动》和《蓝色运动4P》，包括预防、保护、起诉和伙伴关系。应采用文化适宜且对性别敏感的循证方法。医护人员将能够识别和评估受害者，避免再次创伤，并启动跨专业伙伴关系以提供协调护理。
人口贩卖受害者在急诊科可能未被发现。本映射综述确定了人口贩卖受害者识别和应对护理路径中应包含的要素。护理路径应以患者为中心和创伤知情护理为基础，包括预防、保护、起诉和建立伙伴关系的策略。此外，需要采用跨专业团队方法来识别、评估和护理此类受害者。未来的研究应为医护人员制定标准化的护理路径，以识别和应对急诊科中的人口贩卖受害者。
