Methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible in French hedgehogs admitted to a wildlife health center.

The gene conferring methicillin-resistance has always been found on a SCC type XI element and is largely restricted to the few clonal complexes CC130, CC1943, CC425, CC49 and CC599. The occurrence of the gene in many different hosts highlighted its One Health importance, even though European hedgehogs () are considered its natural reservoir, most probably because of the selective pressure imposed by beta-lactam-producing dermatophytes () that colonize the skin of these mammals. Surprisingly, while the presence of on the French territory has been proven, no -positive methicillin-resistant  (MRSA) isolate has been reported yet from hedgehogs. We thus sampled 139 hedgehogs brought to a wildlife center; 128 were carriers and 25 (18.0 %) presented a MRSA isolate, of which 21 (15.1 %) displayed the gene. All 161  collected were whole-genome sequenced. The -MRSA belonged to the classical CCs, i.e. CC130, CC1943 and CC49. The majority (98/139, 70.5 %) of the methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) isolates also belonged to these three CCs. A phylogenetic comparison with -MRSA isolates from all over Europe and New-Zealand showed local adaptations, despite the fact that they all belonged to the same CCs. The acquisition of the SCC type XI element by a concomitant MSSA could not be observed in the same animal, but such a transfer might be suggested since identical clones were identified, one MSSA and one MRSA, though in different animals. In parallel, we conducted a detailed analysis of the SCC type XI element as well as specific virulence factors (a variant and the gene). Results led us to hypothesize that the gene might be acquired through selective pressure of on MSSA, some of which were acquired a long time ago from ruminants and are now colonizing the skin of the hedgehogs.