Fatherhood experiences: A qualitative approach of cisgender and transgender fathers in assisted reproductive technologies (ART) situation with sperm donation.

Assisted reproductive technologies have offered new ways and pathways to conceive a child. However, very few is known about insights into the complexities and challenges faced by trans fathers in contemporary parenthood journeys. This qualitative study explores the experiences of transgender and cisgender fathers who conceived children through donor sperm insemination (DSI) and natural conception (NC). The study will examine the recognition and challenges associated with paternal experiences. Seventy-nine interviews (one per child) were conducted with 16 transgender fathers who conceived trough DSI, 15 infertile cisgender fathers who conceived trough DSI, and 17 cisgender fathers who conceived through NC. The study employed thematic analysis and the Five-Minute Speech Sample to assess family dynamics. Results indicate that in the Trans-DSI group, fatherhood was often defined within the social role of masculinity, with some expressing '' (i.e., feelings of unease or insecurity). The Cis-DSI group showed more tranquility but faced challenges regarding biological filiation. The NC group exhibited diverse experiences. Findings suggest that fathers' self-confidence, especially for transgender and non-biologically related fathers, can be challenged. Recognizing these challenges can guide better support for families navigating diverse parenthood journeys.