The Secret Family Life of a Group of Golden Jackals on Samos, Greece.

The golden jackal () is remarkably flexible in terms of behaviour. This is advantageous to the range expansion of the species to northern and western Europe. Despite the widespread distribution of the golden jackal, many aspects of its behaviour are still poorly known. In this study, we have aimed to improve our general understanding of golden jackal social behaviour by monitoring one family group of a unique insular population living on Samos (Greece) using camera trap data over a study period of 9 months. Successful identification of individual golden jackals based on visual characteristics, determination of the dominance hierarchy and social network analyses has allowed us to gain insights into the group's social organisation, mating system and social structure determined by social relationships. We revealed the studied family group to be relatively stable, consisting of a dominant adult pair and one or two generations of their offspring. Some major changes occurred during the breeding season in terms of social behaviour, group composition and structure. A total of six pups were born, which were cared for by both dominant adults as well as one male and one female yearling who stayed as helpers at the nest. Both the dominant female and the female yearling showed signs of lactation, suggesting either a case of pseudopregnancy or allonursing. Using non-invasive methods combined with individual identification based on coat colouration patterns, this research contributes to our understanding of the social behaviour of the golden jackal population on Samos in Europe and, by extension, of the species as a whole.