Karaman Cagri, Gezer Aydin, Khan Mohammad Nazrul Islam, Ucan Sedanur
Ataturk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Mathematics, Erzurum 25240, Turkiye.
Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia.
Heliyon. 2024 Nov 22;10(23):e40593. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e40593. eCollection 2024 Dec 15.
This paper investigates the geometric and structural properties of almost plastic pseudo-Riemannian manifolds, with a specific focus on three-dimensional cases. We explore the interplay between an almost plastic structure and a pseudo-Riemannian metric, providing a comprehensive analysis of the conditions that define pure metric plastic -Kählerian manifolds. In this context, the fundamental tensor field is symmetric and also represents another pure metric. A key finding is the necessary and sufficient condition for the integrability of the plastic structure by means of partial differential equations, which is characterized by a specific function depending solely on one variable. Furthermore, the necessary and sufficient condition for an almost pure metric plastic pseudo-Riemannian manifold to be pure metric plastic -Kählerian is obtained. The study also reveals that the Riemannian curvature tensor vanishes under specific conditions, while the scalar curvature vanishes if a particular polynomial form is satisfied. The analysis extends to the properties of vector fields, identifying conditions under which they become Killing vector fields or form Ricci soliton structures. Additionally, we examine three-dimensional Walker manifolds, detailing the conditions for vanishing scalar curvature, Killing vector fields, and Ricci soliton structures. Our findings provide a detailed framework for understanding almost plastic manifolds, contributing to the broader field of differential geometry by clarifying the relationship between plastic structures and pseudo-Riemannian metrics.
本文研究了几乎塑性伪黎曼流形的几何和结构性质,特别关注三维情形。我们探讨了几乎塑性结构与伪黎曼度量之间的相互作用,对定义纯度量塑性凯勒流形的条件进行了全面分析。在此背景下,基本张量场是对称的,并且还代表另一种纯度量。一个关键发现是通过偏微分方程给出的塑性结构可积性的充要条件,该条件由仅依赖于一个变量的特定函数表征。此外,还得到了几乎纯度量塑性伪黎曼流形成为纯度量塑性凯勒流形的充要条件。研究还表明,在特定条件下黎曼曲率张量消失,而当满足特定多项式形式时标量曲率消失。分析扩展到向量场的性质,确定了它们成为基灵向量场或形成里奇孤立子结构的条件。此外,我们研究了三维沃克流形,详细说明了标量曲率消失、基灵向量场和里奇孤立子结构的条件。我们的发现为理解几乎塑性流形提供了详细的框架,通过阐明塑性结构与伪黎曼度量之间的关系,为微分几何这一更广泛的领域做出了贡献。