Combining anti-checkpoint immunotherapies and cancer vaccines as a novel strategy in oncological therapy: A review.

The field of cancer immunotherapy has experienced remarkable advancements in the treatment of human cancers over recent decades. Therapeutic cancer vaccines have been employed to elicit antitumor immune responses through the generation of specific reactions against tumor-associated antigens. Although preclinical studies have demonstrated hopeful results and at least one product is approved for clinical use, the overall efficacy of cancer vaccines remains restricted. The co-administration of anti-checkpoint antibodies alongside cancer vaccines is proposed as a potential strategy to enhance the clinical efficacy of immunotherapies. Among the various anti-checkpoint agents, monoclonal antibodies targeting CD127, OX40, and CD40 have been further investigated in combined administration with cancer vaccines, demonstrating a synergistic impact on disease outcomes in both animal models and human subjects. This combinational approach has been shown to suppress tumor regression, improve survival rates, and promote the efficacy of cancer vaccines via multiple mechanisms, including the augmentation of generation, activation, and expansion of CD8 T cells, as well as the production of tumor-inhibitory cytokines. Importantly, the impact of the concurrent administration of anti-checkpoint agents and cancer vaccines surpass those observed with the sole vaccine, indicating that this strategy may offer significant advantages for clinical application in cancer patients. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the significance and therapeutic potential of the combined administration of checkpoint agonist/antagonist antibodies and cancer vaccines for human tumors.