Evolution of piRNA-guided defense against transposable elements.

Transposable elements (TEs) shape every aspect of genome biology, influencing genome stability, size, and organismal fitness. Following the 2007 discovery of the piRNA defense system, researchers have made numerous findings about organisms' defenses against these genomic invaders. TEs are suppressed by a 'genomic immune system', where TE insertions within specialized regions called PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) clusters produce small RNAs responsible for their suppression. The evolution of piRNA clusters and the piRNA system is only now being understood, largely because most research has been conducted in developmental biology labs using only one to two genotypes of Drosophila melanogaster. While piRNAs themselves were identified simultaneously in various organisms (flies, mice, rats, and zebrafish) in 2006-2007, detailed work on piRNA clusters has only recently expanded beyond D. melanogaster. By studying piRNA cluster evolution in various organisms from an evolutionary perspective, we are beginning to understand more about TE suppression mechanisms and organism-TE coevolution.