Lee Do Eun, Kim Heung-Chul, Klein Terry A, Lee Si Hyeock, Kim Ju Hyeon
Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
J Med Entomol. 2025 Jan 13;62(1):155-163. doi: 10.1093/jme/tjae140.
Members of the Anopheles Hyrcanus Group, Culex pipiens complex, and Culex tritaeniorhynchus are prevalent vector species in the Republic of Korea (ROK), transmitting Plasmodium vivax and various arboviruses. Extensive use of insecticides to control these mosquitoes has led to insecticide resistance. In this study, we monitored 3 target site mutations associated with insecticide resistance (kdr for pyrethroid resistance, ace1 for organophosphate resistance, and rdl for phenylpyrazole resistance) in these mosquito groups over four consecutive years to understand the seasonal dynamics of resistance in different areas with distinct ecological characteristics. In the Anopheles Hyrcanus Group, the frequencies of kdr and ace1 mutations exhibited seasonal fluctuations in an urban-rural complex area (Humphreys US Army Garrison) (hereafter Humphreys), suggesting an overwintering fitness cost, whereas the rdl mutation frequencies remained constant at nearly saturated levels. These patterns were less clear in rural areas (the demilitarized zone separating Korea), indicating area-specific profiles related to different insecticide usage patterns. The kdr and rdl mutation frequencies associated with the Cx. pipiens complex were relatively constant, but varied by the collection area, with higher rdl frequency in Humphreys and higher kdr frequency in Yongsan, a metropolitan area, suggesting different selection pressures. Overall resistance mutation frequencies were highest in Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, with ace1 and rdl mutations being seasonally saturated, while the kdr mutation frequency varied over time. Our findings demonstrate species- or group-specific seasonal and regional dynamic patterns of insecticide resistance, presenting the need for targeted control strategies and further improving the management of mosquito-borne diseases in the ROK.
赫坎按蚊组、尖音库蚊复合组和三带喙库蚊是韩国流行的病媒物种，传播间日疟原虫和各种虫媒病毒。广泛使用杀虫剂来控制这些蚊子已导致抗药性。在本研究中，我们连续四年监测了这些蚊群中与杀虫剂抗性相关的3个靶位点突变（对拟除虫菊酯抗性的kdr、对有机磷抗性的ace1和对苯基吡唑抗性的rdl），以了解不同生态特征地区抗性的季节动态。在赫坎按蚊组中，kdr和ace1突变频率在城乡结合部地区（汉弗莱斯美国陆军驻地）（以下简称汉弗莱斯）呈现季节性波动，表明存在越冬适应性代价，而rdl突变频率在几乎饱和水平保持恒定。这些模式在农村地区（朝鲜非军事区）不太明显，表明与不同杀虫剂使用模式相关的地区特异性特征。与尖音库蚊复合组相关的kdr和rdl突变频率相对恒定，但因采集地区而异，汉弗莱斯的rdl频率较高，而大都市地区龙山的kdr频率较高，表明存在不同的选择压力。总体抗性突变频率在三带喙库蚊中最高，ace1和rdl突变呈季节性饱和，而kdr突变频率随时间变化。我们的研究结果证明了杀虫剂抗性的物种或组特异性季节性和区域动态模式，表明需要采取针对性的控制策略，并进一步改善韩国蚊媒疾病的管理。
