Fotakis Emmanouil A, Chaskopoulou Alexandra, Grigoraki Linda, Tsiamantas Alexandros, Kounadi Stella, Georgiou Loukas, Vontas John
Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Department of Crop Science, Pesticide Science Lab, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece.
European Biological Control Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Acta Trop. 2017 Oct;174:29-37. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.06.005. Epub 2017 Jun 9.
Greece has been recently affected by several mosquito borne diseases with the West Nile Virus (WNV) outbreak in 2010 being one of the largest reported in Europe. Currently at the epicenter of an economic and refugee crisis and visited by over 16 million tourists a year the integrated management of diseases transmitted by mosquitoes is a public health and economic priority. Vector control programs rely mainly on insecticides, however data on insecticide resistance and the mosquito fauna is essential for successful applications. We determined the mosquito species composition and population dynamics in areas of increased vulnerability to vector borne disease transmission, as well as investigated the resistance status of major nuisance and disease vectors to insecticides. High mosquito densities were recorded in Thessaloniki and Evros, with Aedes caspius, a nuisance species, Culex pipiens, a known vector of WNV and Anopheles hyrcanus a potential vector of malaria being among the most prevalent species. Both vector species populations reached their peak in late summer. Aedes albopictus was recorded at high densities in Thessaloniki, but not in Evros. Notably, Cx. pipiens hybrids, which show an opportunistic biting behavior and are suspected to be involved in the transmission of the WNV, were recorded in considerable numbers in Thessaloniki and Attica. Culex pipiens and An. hyrcanus, but not Ae. caspius mosquitoes, showed moderate levels of resistance to deltamethrin. The presence of resistance in areas not exposed to vector control indicates that other factors could be selecting for resistance, i.e. pesticide applications for agriculture. Both L1014F and L101C kdr mutations were detected in Cx. pipiens populations. Anopheles hyrcanus resistance was not associated with mutations at the L1014 site. The Ace-1 mutations conferring insensitivity to organophosphates and carbamates were detected at low frequencies in all Cx. pipiens populations. Increased activity of P450s and esterases was found in Cx. pipiens individuals from Thessaloniki. Our study contributes evidence for sustainable and efficient vector control strategies and the prevention of disease outbreaks.
希腊最近受到几种蚊媒疾病的影响，2010年西尼罗河病毒（WNV）疫情是欧洲报告的最大规模疫情之一。目前，希腊处于经济和难民危机的中心，每年有超过1600万游客到访，因此对蚊媒传播疾病的综合管理是公共卫生和经济的优先事项。病媒控制计划主要依赖杀虫剂，然而，关于杀虫剂抗性和蚊虫种类的数据对于成功应用至关重要。我们确定了病媒传播疾病易感性增加地区的蚊虫种类组成和种群动态，并调查了主要滋扰性和疾病传播媒介对杀虫剂的抗性状况。在塞萨洛尼基和埃夫罗斯记录到高蚊虫密度，其中最常见的物种包括骚扰性物种白纹伊蚊、已知的WNV传播媒介尖音库蚊以及疟疾潜在传播媒介赫坎按蚊。两种病媒物种的种群数量在夏末达到峰值。在塞萨洛尼基记录到高密度的白纹伊蚊，但在埃夫罗斯没有。值得注意的是，在塞萨洛尼基和阿提卡记录到相当数量的尖音库蚊杂交种，它们表现出机会性叮咬行为，并且怀疑参与了WNV的传播。尖音库蚊和赫坎按蚊，但白纹伊蚊没有，对溴氰菊酯表现出中等程度的抗性。在未进行病媒控制的地区存在抗性，这表明其他因素可能在选择抗性，即农业杀虫剂的使用。在尖音库蚊种群中检测到L1014F和L101C kdr突变。赫坎按蚊的抗性与L1014位点的突变无关。在所有尖音库蚊种群中，低频率检测到赋予对有机磷和氨基甲酸酯不敏感性的Ace-1突变。在塞萨洛尼基采集的尖音库蚊个体中发现P450s和酯酶的活性增加。我们的研究为可持续和有效的病媒控制策略以及预防疾病爆发提供了证据。
