Krantz K P
Injury. 1985 Jan;16(4):253-8. doi: 10.1016/s0020-1383(85)80014-0.
In a consecutive series of 132 motorcycle and moped riders killed in 1977-1983 in southern Sweden and examined post mortem, almost half of the fatal injuries of the head and neck occurred remote from the point of impact, namely certain intracranial injuries without fractures, ring fractures of the base of the skull, disruption of the junction of the head and neck and injuries of the cervical spine. Ring fractures of the base of the skull were noticeably more frequent in motorcyclists than in car occupants who died. Injuries occurring remote from the point of impact were often the result of impacts against the anterior part of the head, especially against the face. All 5 riders suffering disruption of the junction of the head and neck were helmeted, which suggests that the helmet may promote such injuries. In some of these cases, no sign of impact against the head could be detected. The inertia of the head, enhanced by the helmet, is supposed to contribute to some of these injuries, which calls into question the protection provided by the helmet. Fatal head injuries at the point of impact were mostly found on the lateral-posterior part of the head. These injuries were often irrespective of whether or not a helmet was used. The points of impact were found mainly rung around the head. Protective helmets should be improved in order to give better protection against injuries at the site of impact, especially in the above-mentioned area, to give better protection of the face and to increase energy-absorbing capacity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
在1977年至1983年期间于瑞典南部死亡并接受尸检的连续132名摩托车和轻便摩托车骑手系列案例中，头部和颈部的致命伤几乎有一半发生在远离撞击点的部位，即某些无骨折的颅内损伤、颅底环形骨折、头颈部连接处断裂以及颈椎损伤。颅底环形骨折在摩托车骑行者中明显比在死亡的汽车驾乘人员中更常见。远离撞击点发生的损伤通常是头部前部受到撞击的结果，尤其是面部。所有5名头颈部连接处断裂的骑手都佩戴了头盔，这表明头盔可能会促使此类损伤的发生。在其中一些案例中，未检测到头部受到撞击的迹象。头盔增强了头部的惯性，被认为是导致其中一些损伤的原因，这对头盔所提供的保护提出了质疑。撞击点处的致命头部损伤大多位于头部的外侧后部。这些损伤通常与是否佩戴头盔无关。撞击点主要分布在头部周围。应改进防护头盔，以便在撞击部位，尤其是上述区域，提供更好的防护，更好地保护面部并提高能量吸收能力。（摘要截选至250字）
