Synergetic Effect of Potassium, Biochar and Cattle Manure on the Growth and Yield of Maize, and Soil Physio-Chemical Characteristics.

Biochar (BC) and cattle manure (CM) are carbon-nutrient-rich organic substances and have long been used to improve crop yield and soil fertility. Nevertheless, their combined effect with potassium (K) fertilizer remains unknown. Against the previous context, a 2-year (2021-2022) field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of K fertilization coupled with BC and CM on the growth and yield of maize and soil physio-chemical characteristics. The K application combined with BC and CM increased ( ≤ 0.05) the majority of the growth indices of maize crop compared with CK. Compared with CK, the combined application of K (60 kg K ha) with BC and CM resulted in an increased number of seeds cob by up to 451 and 465, and up to 383 and 396, the 1000-seed weight up to 22 and 23 g, and up to 27 and 34 g, and the grain yield up to 1979 and 2900 and up to 3240 and 3341 kg ha, respectively, in 2021 and 2022. The integrated application of these inputs increased the chlorophyll of maize crops by 29 and 36% and by 30 and 44%, respectively, in 2021 and 2022. Such application also increased the photosynthetic activities of maize such as transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (Gs), and photosynthetic rate (Pn) by 21 and 23%, 143 and 110%, and by 64 and 66% in 2021 and by 19 and 30%, 163 and 118%, and by 63 and 72% in 2022. Similarly, the combined application of K, BC, and CM increased the K uptake of maize due to an increase in the soil extractable K. Equally, soil total N and organic matter improved under the combined application of K, BC, and CM. However, it did not affect the soil extractable P in 2021 but increased it in 2022. Conversely, these applications reduced ( < 0.05) the soil electrical conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio, and bulk density. This suggests that K fertilization combined with BC and CM enhances the growth and yield of maize by improving the soil nutrients availability, increasing soil organic matter, and enhancing soil structure and moisture retention.