Identifying patients with a strong pro-inflammatory phenotype may allow clinicians to underpin high-risk individuals based on early inflammatory marker profiles and to personalize approaches to preventative treatments. The objective of this systematic review is to synthesize the results of previous studies on osseointegration to show which pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines have been detected and quantified during the initial phase of osseointegration. PubMed, Embase, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were searched for articles published until August 2024. A descriptive summary was produced to explain study variations, including patients' characteristics and results. The methodological quality of each included study was assessed based on Downs and Black's checklist. 30 studies were selected for inclusion. In total, 710 patients received 1329 implants (an average of 1.87 implants per participant). A total of 32 biomarkers were analyzed. The overall trend observed in levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines appears to be an early peak, followed by a progressive reduction in levels throughout the observation periods. The available evidence suggests that a strong expression of pro-inflammatory biomarkers is a feature of osseointegration, and an over- or underexpression of certain biomarkers could have an effect on early marginal bone levels. Several of these markers are mechanistically implicated with implant pathology; however, the prognostic value of early cytokine expression and correlation with long-term clinical outcomes requires further research.