Caffeine and Arrhythmias: A Critical Analysis of Cardiovascular Responses and Arrhythmia Susceptibility.

Caffeine is a frequently consumed stimulant in different foods and beverages: coffee, tea, chocolate, sodas, and energy drinks. While its effects on the cardiovascular system have been extensively studied, there remains controversy surrounding its potential risks, particularly in patients with heart disease. This review provides a complete overview of caffeine's pharmacological properties, sources, and cardiovascular effects, particularly emphasizing its arrhythmogenic potential. The proarrhythmic potential of caffeine, particularly on atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias, is conducted. It explains the mechanism of action, including adenosine receptor antagonism, phosphodiesterase inhibition, calcium mobilization, and catecholamine release of caffeine. Epidemiological evidence and mechanistic insights are provided for both conditions, and caffeine consumption's incidence, triggers, and impact on premature ventricular contractions are explained. It emphasizes the need for more research to comprehend the complex relationship between caffeine consumption and cardiovascular health, specifically in high-risk populations.