Sun Shaochao, Hao Sanwei, Liu Yongquan, Sun Shaofei, Xu Ying, Jiang Ming, Shao Changyou, Wen Jialong, Sun Runcang
Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing100083, P. R. China.
Liaoning Key Laboratory of Lignocellulose Chemistry and Biomaterials, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian116034, P. R. China.
ACS Nano. 2025 Jan 14;19(1):811-825. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.4c12130. Epub 2024 Dec 19.
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have garnered significant attention for mechanical energy harvesting, self-powered sensing, and human-machine interaction. However, their performance is often constrained by materials that lack sufficient mechanical robustness, self-healing capability, and adaptability to environmental extremes. Eutectogels, with their inherent ionic conductivity, thermal stability, and sustainability, offer an appealing alternative as flexible TENG electrodes, yet they typically suffer from weak damage endurance and insufficient self-healing capability. To overcome these challenges, here, we introduce an internal-external dual reinforcement strategy (IEDRS) that enhances internal bonding dynamics within the eutectogel matrix, composed of glycidyl methacrylate and deep eutectic solvent, and integrates plant-derived lignin as an external reinforcer. Notably, the resultant eutectogel, named GLCL, exhibits appealing collection merits including superior mechanical robustness (1.53 MPa tensile stress and 1.85 MJ/m toughness), ultrastrong adhesion (4.76 MPa), high self-healing efficiency (84.7%), and significant environmental adaptability (-40 to 100 °C). These improvements ensure that the assembled triboelectric nanogenerator (GLCL-TENG) produces stable and robust electrical outputs, maintained even under dynamic and postdamage conditions. Additionally, the GLCL-TENG exhibits significant extreme environmental tolerance and durability, maintaining high and consistent electrical outputs over a wide temperature range (-40 to 100 °C) and throughout 10,000 cycles of repeated contact-separation. Leveraging these robust performances, the GLCL-TENG excels in all-weather biomechanical energy harvesting and accurate individual motion detection and functions as a self-powered interface for wireless vehicular control. This work presents a viable material design strategy for developing tough and self-healing eutectogel electrodes, emphasizing the potential application of TENGs in all-weather smart vehicles.
摩擦纳米发电机（TENGs）在机械能收集、自供电传感和人机交互方面备受关注。然而，其性能常常受到材料的限制，这些材料缺乏足够的机械强度、自愈能力以及对极端环境的适应性。低共熔凝胶因其固有的离子导电性、热稳定性和可持续性，作为柔性TENG电极提供了一种有吸引力的替代方案，但它们通常具有较弱的抗损伤能力和不足的自愈能力。为了克服这些挑战，在此我们引入一种内外双重增强策略（IEDRS），该策略增强了由甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯和低共熔溶剂组成的低共熔凝胶基质内部的键合动力学，并整合植物来源的木质素作为外部增强剂。值得注意的是，所得的低共熔凝胶，命名为GLCL，展现出吸引人的特性，包括卓越的机械强度（拉伸应力为1.53 MPa，韧性为1.85 MJ/m）、超强附着力（4.76 MPa）、高自愈效率（84.7%）以及显著的环境适应性（-40至100°C）。这些改进确保了组装的摩擦纳米发电机（GLCL-TENG）产生稳定且强大的电输出，即使在动态和损伤后条件下也能保持。此外，GLCL-TENG表现出显著的极端环境耐受性和耐久性，在很宽的温度范围（-40至100°C）内以及10000次重复接触-分离循环中都能保持高且一致的电输出。利用这些强大的性能，GLCL-TENG在全天候生物机械能收集和精确的个体运动检测方面表现出色，并作为无线车辆控制的自供电接口发挥作用。这项工作提出了一种可行的材料设计策略，用于开发坚韧且自愈的低共熔凝胶电极，强调了TENGs在全天候智能车辆中的潜在应用。
