Heart abnormality associates with a wide spectrum of psychiatric disorders: Evidence from Mendelian randomization analyses.

Psychiatric disorders and heart abnormality are closely interconnected. Previous knowledge has been well-established that psychiatric disorders can lead to increased cardiovascular morbidity and even sudden cardiac death. Conversely, whether heart abnormality contributes to psychiatric disorders remains rarely studied. The work by Zhang pointed out that chronic heart failure had effects on the anxiety and depression (AD) severity, and indices including left ventricular ejection fraction, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and interleukin-6 were independent risk factors for AD severity. In addition to the aforementioned AD, we herein find that heart failure might additionally impact the development of autism spectrum disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (albeit > 0.05), and significantly protects against the presence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), [odds ratio (OR) = 0.61, = 0.0071] by using a Mendelian randomization analysis. Bradycardia is also a protective factor for ADHD (OR = 0.61, = 0.0095), whereas hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a mild risk factor for schizophrenia (OR = 1.02, = 0.032). These data suggest a wide spectrum of psychiatric disorders secondary to heart abnormality, and we highlight more psychiatric care that should be paid to patients with heart abnormality.