Non-invasive early-stage cancer detection: current methods and future perspectives.

This review paper explores the realm of non-invasive methods for early cancer detection. Early identification is crucial for effective therapeutic intervention, and non-invasive techniques have emerged as promising tools to enhance diagnostic accuracy and improve patient outcomes. The paper thoroughly examines the advantages, limitations, and prospects of various non-invasive approaches, including blood tests, non-blood-based tests, and diverse imaging modalities. It discusses the biomarkers found in blood for early-stage cancer detection, specifying the types of cancer associated with each biomarker. The non-blood-based tests focus on components in saliva, urine, and breath for cancer detection, alongside current studies and future perspectives on various cancers. Optical imaging methods covered in this review include fluorescence imaging in the near-infrared (NIR) region, bioluminescence imaging, and Raman spectroscopy for early-stage cancer detection. The review also highlights the pros and cons of ultrasound imaging in early-stage cancer detection. Additionally, the clinical implications of using AI for cancer detection, both present and future, are explored. This paper provides valuable insights for researchers and clinicians working in the field of non-invasive early-stage cancer detection.