Review: Recent advances in unraveling the genetic architecture of kernel row number in maize.

Kernel row number (KRN) is an important trait in maize that significantly impacts maize yield. The high heritability of KRN underscores its significance in maize breeding programs. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the mechanisms underlying the formation, differentiation, and regulation of KRN in maize. Specifically, we have discussed gene mapping studies, functional validation of KRN-associated genes, and the application of gene editing techniques to KRN in maize. We summarized the various methods used to map and fine-map QTLs controlling KRN and provide an overview of the current status of cloned KRN-regulating genes. Despite the identification of many genes associated with KRN, the complexity of its regulation-arising from multiple loci and intricate gene interactions-remains a challenge. Balancing KRN with kernel number per row (KNR) and kernel weight is critical for optimizing yield while ensuring stability across different environments. Furthermore, we analyzed the influence of environmental factors on KRN, noting that despite its high heritability, environmental conditions can significantly affect this trait. Combining genotype-phenotype relationships with environmental data using big data and artificial intelligence could enhance maize breeding efficiency and accelerate genetic gains. This review emphasizes the importance of balancing traits, integrating environmental factors, and leveraging advanced technologies in maize breeding to achieve optimal yield and stress tolerance. Finally, we outlined future research perspectives aimed at developing high-yielding maize varieties through advances in KRN-related research.