Personalized bone organoid using iPSC-derived cells for clinically relevant applications.

Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-based modeling potentially recapitulates the pathology and mechanisms more faithfully than cell line models and general animal models. Utilizing iPSC-derived cells for personalized bone formation research offers a powerful tool to better understand the role of individual differences in bone health and disease and provide more precise information for personalized bone regeneration therapies. Here we generated iPSC-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells (iMPCs), endothelial cells (iECs), and macrophages (iMØ), from different donors. Cellular markers, pluripotency properties, and immune regulatory properties were investigated. To replicate bone regeneration, we utilize different iPSC models and co-cultured three distinct cell types (iMPCs, iECs, and iMØ) in a 3D in vitro model derived from the same donor. Cells from different donors exhibited patient-specific characteristics and different regenerative capacities. Our study suggests that cells differentiated from iPSCs can be used to anticipate the effectiveness of cell-based therapies for personalized tissue regeneration.