An Information Manifold Perspective for Analyzing Test Data.

Modifications of current psychometric models for analyzing test data are proposed that produce an additive scale measure of information. This information measure is a one-dimensional space curve or curved surface manifold that is invariant across varying manifold indexing systems. The arc length along a curve manifold is used as it is an additive metric having a defined zero and a version of the bit as a unit. This property, referred to here as the scope of the test or an item, facilitates the evaluation of graphs and numerical summaries. The measurement power of the test is defined by the length of the manifold, and the performance or experiential level of a person by a position along the curve. In this study, we also use all information from the items including the information from the distractors. Test data from a large-scale college admissions test are used to illustrate the test information manifold perspective and to compare it with the well-known item response theory nominal model. It is illustrated that the use of information theory opens a vista of new ways of assessing item performance and inter-item dependency, as well as test takers' knowledge.