Joint interpretation of magnetic, transient electromagnetic, and electric resistivity tomography data for landfill characterization and contamination detection.

Geophysical techniques have become increasingly crucial for characterizing landfills, offering noninvasive methods for subsurface exploration and contamination assessment. In this study, an integrated geophysical approach-utilizing magnetic, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), and transient electromagnetic (TEM) surveys-was employed to characterize the Weidenpesch landfill in Cologne, Germany and assess potential groundwater contamination. The results from these methods were consistent, effectively delineating the landfill boundaries and identifying possible contamination. The waste body was distinguished by its relatively low resistivity values with an average value of 1-10 Ω·m in the western and central parts of the landfill and 20-50 Ω·m at its eastern part in contrast with the surrounding high-resistivity gravelly sand layer (several hundreds of Ω·m), and a depth of up to 15 m. The variability in conductivity and magnetic susceptibility across different landfill sections indicated the heterogeneity of buried materials. Additionally, the ERT and TEM data indicate low resistivity values (below 5 Ω·m) at depths of 20-25 m. A correlation with the borehole data suggests that this may represent a contaminated coal/clay layer. Furthermore, repeated TEM measurements revealed significant variation in subsurface conductivity over time, highlighting the need for continuous monitoring. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of an integrated geophysical approach for providing a comprehensive understanding of subsurface landfill conditions, which is essential for informed environmental management and remediation.