Hydrogels are adaptable substances with a 3D framework able to hold large quantities of water, which is why they are ideal for use in the field of biomedicine. This research project focused on creating a new hydrogel combining carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS), graphene quantum dots (GQDs), pectin (Pe), and MIL-88 for precise and controlled release of the cancer drug doxorubicin (DOX). The creation of CMCS/GQDs@Pe/MIL-88 hydrogel beads was achieved through an eco-friendly one-step synthesis method. The hydrogel beads were then analyzed using various techniques including FE-SEM, EDX, FT-IR, XRD, BET surface area, DLS, and zeta potential measurements. The hydrogel beads showed great swelling ability and controlled breakdown in different pH environments, mimicking the conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and body. Research on drug loading and release showed that the hydrogel components can be adjusted to control the release of DOX. Cytotoxicity tests in a lab setting using K562 cells demonstrated successful delivery of DOX and the ability to target cancer cells specifically while reducing negative effects. Adding GQDs improved both the imaging abilities and the stability and mechanical characteristics of the hydrogel. This research indicates that the CMCS/GQDs@Pe/MIL-88 combination hydrogel beads show great potential for advanced drug delivery systems, especially in cancer treatment.