Qiao Mingxin, Wu Weimin, Tang Wen, Zhao Yifan, Wang Jian, Pei Xibo, Zhang Bowen, Wan Qianbing
Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
Biomater Sci. 2025 Jan 28;13(3):587-605. doi: 10.1039/d4bm01374c.
In bone tissue engineering, manufacturing bone tissue constructs that closely replicate physiological features for regenerative repair remains a significant challenge. In recent years, the advent of indirect 3D printing technology has overcome the stringent material demands, confined resolution, and structural control challenges inherent to direct 3D printing. By utilizing sacrificial templates, the natural structures and physiological functions of bone tissues can be precisely duplicated. It facilitates the fabrication of vascularized and biomimetic bone constructs that are similar to natural counterparts. Hence, indirect 3D printing technology is increasingly recognized as a promising option for bone regenerative therapies. Based on the aforementioned research hotspots, this review outlines the classification and techniques of indirect 3D printing, along with the associated printing materials and methodologies. More importantly, a detailed summary of the clinical application prospects of indirect 3D printing in the regeneration of bone, cartilage and osteochondral tissues is provided, along with exploring the current challenges and outlook of this technology.
在骨组织工程中，制造能够紧密复制生理特征以进行再生修复的骨组织构建体仍然是一项重大挑战。近年来，间接3D打印技术的出现克服了直接3D打印固有的严格材料要求、有限分辨率和结构控制挑战。通过使用牺牲模板，可以精确复制骨组织的自然结构和生理功能。它有助于制造与天然骨组织相似的血管化和仿生骨构建体。因此，间接3D打印技术越来越被认为是骨再生治疗的一个有前途的选择。基于上述研究热点，本综述概述了间接3D打印的分类和技术，以及相关的打印材料和方法。更重要的是，详细总结了间接3D打印在骨、软骨和骨软骨组织再生中的临床应用前景，并探讨了该技术目前面临的挑战和前景。
