Mukhopadhyay Bageesha, Singh Sudhakar, Singh Avtar
Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144001, India.
School of Electrical Engineering and Computing (SoEEC), Adama Science and Technology University (AS-TU), 1888, Adama, Ethiopia.
Discov Nano. 2024 Dec 24;19(1):215. doi: 10.1186/s11671-024-04128-z.
Cancer is a deadly disease with complex pathophysiological nature and is the leading cause of death worldwide. Traditional diagnosis methods often detect cancer at a considerably critical stage and the conventional methods of treatment like chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy have several limitations, multidrug resistance, cytotoxicity, and lack of specificity are a few examples. These pose substantial challenge for effective and favourable cancer treatment. The advent of nanotechnology has revolutionized the face of cancer diagnosis and treatment. Nanoparticles, which have a size range of 1-100 nm, are biocompatible and have special optical, magnetic, and electrical capabilities, less toxic, more stable, exhibit permeability and retention effect, and are used for precise targeting. There are several classes of nanoparticles each having their own sets of unique properties. NPs have played an important role in the drug delivery system, overcoming the multi-drug resistance, reducing the side-effects as seen in conventional therapeutic methods and hence able to solve the limitations of conventional methods of diagnosis and treatment. This review discusses the four major classes of nanoparticles (Lipid based NPs, Carbon NPs and Metallic NPs and Polymeric NPs): their discovery and introduction in medical field, unique properties and characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, sub-categories and characteristics of these categories, major area of application in Cancer diagnosis and treatment, and latest methodologies where these are used in cancer treatment.
癌症是一种具有复杂病理生理性质的致命疾病，是全球主要的死亡原因。传统的诊断方法往往在相当关键的阶段才能检测出癌症，而化疗、放疗、靶向治疗和免疫治疗等传统治疗方法存在一些局限性，例如多药耐药性、细胞毒性和缺乏特异性等。这些都给有效的癌症治疗带来了巨大挑战。纳米技术的出现彻底改变了癌症诊断和治疗的面貌。纳米颗粒的尺寸范围为1至100纳米，具有生物相容性，具备特殊的光学、磁性和电学性能，毒性较小，更稳定，呈现出渗透和滞留效应，可用于精确靶向。纳米颗粒有几类，每类都有其独特的性质。纳米颗粒在药物递送系统中发挥了重要作用，克服了多药耐药性，减少了传统治疗方法中出现的副作用，从而能够解决传统诊断和治疗方法的局限性。本综述讨论了四类主要的纳米颗粒（脂质基纳米颗粒、碳纳米颗粒、金属纳米颗粒和聚合物纳米颗粒）：它们在医学领域的发现和引入、独特的性质和特征、优点和缺点、这些类别的子类别和特征、在癌症诊断和治疗中的主要应用领域，以及它们在癌症治疗中使用的最新方法。
