School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
Key Laboratory for Utility of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass in University of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730124, China
Curr Top Med Chem. 2020;20(27):2427-2441. doi: 10.2174/1568026620666200825170030.
Nanotechnology has revolutionized cancer treatment in both diagnosis and therapy. Since the initial application of nanoparticles (NPs) in cancer treatment, the main objective of nanotechnology was developing effective nanosystems with high selectivity and specificity for cancer treatment and diagnosis. To achieve this, different encapsulation and conjugation strategies along with surface functionalization techniques have been developed to synthesize anticancer drugs loaded NPs with effective targeting to specific tumor cells. The unique physicochemical attributes of NPs make them promising candidates for targeted drug delivery, localized therapies, sensing, and targeting at cellular levels. However, a nanosystem for localized and targeted cancer managements should overcome several biological barriers and biomedical challenges such as endothelial barriers, blood brain barrier, reticuloendothelial system, selective targeting, biocompatibility, acute/chronic toxicity, tumor-targeting efficacy. The NPs for in vivo applications encounter barriers at system, organ, and the cellular level. To overcome these barriers, different strategies during the synthesis and functionalization of NPs should be adapted. Pharmacokinetics and cellular uptake of NPs are largely associated with physicochemical attributes of NPs, morphology, hydrodynamic size, charge, and other surface properties. These properties can be adjusted during different phases of synthesis and functionalization of the NPs. This study reviews the advances in targeted cancer treatment and the parameters influencing the efficacies of NPs as therapeutics. Different strategies for overcoming the biological barriers at cellular, organ and system levels and biomedical challenges are discussed. Moreover, the applications of NPs in preclinical and clinical practice are reviewed.
纳米技术在癌症的诊断和治疗方面都带来了革命性的变化。自最初将纳米颗粒 (NPs) 应用于癌症治疗以来，纳米技术的主要目标是开发具有高选择性和特异性的有效纳米系统，用于癌症治疗和诊断。为了实现这一目标，已经开发了不同的封装和缀合策略以及表面功能化技术，以合成具有有效靶向特定肿瘤细胞的载药纳米颗粒。纳米颗粒的独特物理化学特性使它们成为靶向药物输送、局部治疗、传感和细胞水平靶向的有前途的候选物。然而，用于局部和靶向癌症管理的纳米系统应该克服几个生物学和生物医学挑战，如内皮屏障、血脑屏障、网状内皮系统、选择性靶向、生物相容性、急性/慢性毒性、肿瘤靶向效率。用于体内应用的纳米颗粒在系统、器官和细胞水平上遇到障碍。为了克服这些障碍，应该在纳米颗粒的合成和功能化过程中采用不同的策略。纳米颗粒的药代动力学和细胞摄取与纳米颗粒的物理化学特性、形态、水动力尺寸、电荷和其他表面特性密切相关。这些特性可以在纳米颗粒的合成和功能化的不同阶段进行调整。本研究综述了靶向癌症治疗的进展以及影响纳米颗粒作为治疗剂疗效的参数。讨论了克服细胞、器官和系统水平的生物学障碍和生物医学挑战的不同策略。此外，还回顾了纳米颗粒在临床前和临床实践中的应用。
