Unconventional aspects in metal-embedded laser-induced graphene.

Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has gained significant attention, with over 170 publications in 2023 alone. This surge in popularity is due to the unique advantages LIG offers over traditional thermal methods, such as fast, solvent-free, scalable production and its ability to scribe intricate patterns on various substrates, including heat-sensitive materials like plastics. In recent developments, metal-embedded LIG (M-LIG) has expanded the potential applications of LIG, particularly in energy storage, microelectronics, and sensing. However, the complexity of the laser-induced reactions, especially those involving metal ions, has limited a thorough understanding of these processes. This perspective highlights the challenges of predicting the final oxidation states of metal nanoparticles formed during laser processing. Based on a survey of over 20 studies, we discuss the influence of reduction potential and other environmental factors, such as carbon precursors, on metal ion reduction. While reduction potential strongly correlates with product formation, inconsistencies across experiments suggest additional factors, such as reaction kinetics, diffusion rates, and crystallization, play critical roles. Future research should focus on controlling oxidation states and particle size, the formation of bimetallic structures, and atomically-dispersed metals in graphene, to better harness the full potential of M-LIG materials.