van Veen Lara A, van den Brand Henry, van den Oever Anna C M, Kemp Bas, Meisenburg Mara
Vencomatic Group, Meerheide 200, 5521 DW Eersel, The Netherlands; Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Poult Sci. 2025 Feb;104(2):104681. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104681. Epub 2024 Dec 16.
Continuous, non-invasive, and objective methods to detect flock-level responses to stressors, including intestinal health deviations, are currently lacking in poultry. This proof of principle study investigated the potential of manure odor profiling in monitoring stress responses in Lohmann Brown Classic, Lohmann LSL Classic and Lohmann LSL Lite layer pullets. Stressors were represented by a Salmonella vaccination given to the pullets at wk 3 of age (Dataset 1 and Dataset 2) and wk 16 of age (Dataset 4) and a viral/bacterial vaccine cocktail given at wk 12 of age (Dataset 3). Fresh manure was sampled daily, from 2 days before vaccination to 4 days after vaccination, with 4 pooled manure samples per day per dataset. Manure volatiles were concentrated into stainless steel sorbent tubes and analyzed by a thermal desorption system coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Dataset, breed and sample location did not affect the manure volatile profiles before vaccination. Age did affect the manure volatile profiles, with beta-camphor, (Z)-6-Tridecene and serinol peak intensities elevated in young pullets and carbonyl sulfide and trimethylamine elevated in older pullets. Salmonella vaccination at wk 3 of age led to the most consistent changes in volatile peak intensities. (Z)-6-Tridecene was decreased in Dataset 1, Dataset 3, and Dataset 4 after either the Salmonella vaccination or the viral/bacterial vaccine cocktail, despite differences in hen age and house. The injected viral/bacterial vaccine cocktail created a more clear time-dependent shift in the manure volatile profile than the orally-provided Salmonella vaccination in older pullets at resp. wk 12 and 16 of age. No overlapping trends in upregulated or downregulated volatiles were found between all datasets. To conclude, volatile profiles of rearing hen manure are affected by vaccinations as a proxy for stressors, and the magnitude and direction of the response depends on the age of the pullets at vaccination, the vaccination method, and the pathogenic properties of the vaccine. The reduced peak intensities of volatiles after vaccination in 3 out of 4 flocks suggests the potential of manure odor profiling in monitoring stress responses in layer pullets.
目前在家禽中缺乏连续、非侵入性且客观的方法来检测鸡群对压力源（包括肠道健康偏差）的反应。这项原理验证研究调查了粪便气味分析在监测罗曼褐经典型、罗曼LSL经典型和罗曼LSL轻型蛋鸡雏鸡应激反应中的潜力。压力源以在3周龄（数据集1和数据集2）和16周龄（数据集4）给雏鸡接种沙门氏菌疫苗，以及在12周龄（数据集3）给雏鸡接种病毒/细菌疫苗组合来表示。从接种疫苗前2天到接种疫苗后4天每天采集新鲜粪便，每个数据集每天有4个混合粪便样本。粪便挥发物浓缩到不锈钢吸附管中，并通过热脱附系统与气相色谱 - 质谱联用进行分析。数据集、品种和样本位置在接种疫苗前不影响粪便挥发物谱。年龄确实会影响粪便挥发物谱，幼雏鸡中β - 樟脑、(Z)-6 - 十三碳烯和丝氨醇的峰强度升高，而老年雏鸡中羰基硫和三甲胺升高。3周龄时接种沙门氏菌疫苗导致挥发物峰强度变化最为一致。在数据集1、数据集3和数据集4中，无论母鸡年龄和鸡舍如何，接种沙门氏菌疫苗或病毒/细菌疫苗组合后，(Z)-6 - 十三碳烯均降低。在12周龄和16周龄的老年雏鸡中，接种的病毒/细菌疫苗组合比口服的沙门氏菌疫苗在粪便挥发物谱中产生了更明显的时间依赖性变化。在所有数据集中未发现上调或下调挥发物的重叠趋势。总之，育成母鸡粪便的挥发物谱受作为压力源替代物的疫苗接种影响，反应的大小和方向取决于接种疫苗时雏鸡的年龄、接种方法以及疫苗的致病特性。4个鸡群中有3个在接种疫苗后挥发物峰强度降低，这表明粪便气味分析在监测蛋鸡雏鸡应激反应方面具有潜力。
